CAR-T和TCR-T 在肿瘤领域应用前景和挑战

2015-07-27 唐龙请 源正细胞

嵌合抗原受体T细胞技术(CART)以及T细胞受体(TCR)嵌合型T细胞(TCR-T)作为当前过继性细胞回输治疗ACT技术两大最新的免疫细胞技术,因其能够表达特异性受体靶向识别特异性的细胞如肿瘤细胞,受到广泛的关注和研究,从最开始的基础免疫研究转变为临床应用。基于合成生物学,免疫学,遗传改造技术,使得合成改造的特异性功能加强版的T细胞成为可能。CD19抗原特异性CAR-T 细胞用于治疗B细胞白血

嵌合抗原受体T细胞技术(CART)以及T细胞受体(TCR)嵌合型T细胞(TCR-T)作为当前过继性细胞回输治疗ACT技术两大最新的免疫细胞技术,因其能够表达特异性受体靶向识别特异性的细胞如肿瘤细胞,受到广泛的关注和研究,从最开始的基础免疫研究转变为临床应用。基于合成生物学,免疫学,遗传改造技术,使得合成改造的特异性功能加强版的T细胞成为可能。CD19抗原特异性CAR-T 细胞用于治疗B细胞白血病和淋巴瘤临床试验中,显示出持续的疾病缓解效果。由于CAR-T/TCR-T技术的优越表现,以及广阔的应用前景,从而使其进入了当前激烈的制药行业竞技舞台中与传统的制药业一较高低。该篇综述文章,探讨了当前过继性细胞治疗特别是CAR-T/TCR-T技术当前所面l临的一些机遇和挑战.本文2015年7月20日发表于The Journal of Immunology。

应用前景

1.HIV-1感染或其他长期慢性感染性疾病。有案例显示CAR-T细胞能够存活于HIV-1感染的艾滋病患者体内。近期也有研究发现,靶向的CD8+ CTL 细胞能够清除HIV-1感染的人源化小鼠体内的病毒池。提示通过基因改造的T细胞有可能用于治疗HIV-1感染或者其他慢性感染。

2.改造调节性Tregs细胞用于治疗自身免疫性疾病。通过调节或控制Tregs细胞,如过继回输Tregs细胞,降低一些免疫副反应,如自身性免疫疾病,器官移植排斥反应。如利用CAR技术靶向髓磷脂碱性蛋白修饰的的小鼠Tregs细胞,能够降低脑组织部位的炎症反应,减轻自身免疫性脑炎。同样的技术还有望用于治疗结肠炎,或胰腺炎。

3.CAR技术的优化。CAR技术在过去二十年的发展中,从一代的MHC-I限制性CAR-T到二代的表达CD28或4-1BB信号区抗原,而最新的研究比较发现,基因CD28信号肽的CAR-T细胞加快了T细胞的消耗枯竭,而基于4-1BB信号肽抗原的CAR-T细胞能够降低T细胞的消耗,因此进一步优化CAR技术,延长CAR-T细胞在体内的作用时间。

存在的问题

过继性细胞治疗在显示出临床有效性的同时,也表现出一些临床副作用,如何控制这些不良反应,也是过继性细胞治疗所面临的挑战。

1.细胞因子风暴。这是CAR-T 技术在临床应用中一个最主要的不良反应,由于T细胞的大量增殖引起的细胞因子释放,引起机体出现发热或发烧,肌痛,低血压,呼吸衰竭等症状。而针对CAR-T 细胞回输引起的细胞因子风暴,临床上利用IL-6受体拮抗药物tocilizumab能够缓解,同时又研究小组也观察到细胞因子风暴也与疾病进展程度或者肿瘤负荷有相关性,在高疾病负荷的患者体内,有较高的细胞因子释放。因此提示针对疾病进展早起,CAR-T的细胞因子风暴的风险会减低。

2.靶向细胞毒性。由于CAR-T抗原的靶向性非常强,无法区分表达相应抗原的肿瘤细胞和正常细胞,因此针对表达相应抗原的肿瘤细胞和正常细胞,都具有攻击性。如针对CD19的CAR-T细胞治疗,导致B细胞发育不良,靶向Her-2的CAR-T细胞治疗以及靶向MAGE-A3的TCR-T,都能导致肿瘤部位以往的其他组织或器官遭受攻击,如心肺系统毒性。因此选择合适的肿瘤特异性抗原合成的CAR-T,在攻击肿瘤细胞的同时,能够区分正常细胞免受攻击。

3.神经系统毒性。几个研究组在用CAR-T治疗白血病的过程中,观察到少部分患者出现神经错乱,语言障碍,癫痫等神经系统不良反应。

4.其他细胞毒性。如有引起机体自免疫性疾病的风险。

面临的挑战

1.细胞产品的组成。过继性回输的T细胞,如CTLs一般都有成熟的细胞毒性功能,但缺乏复制的能力,并且在回输的患者存留的时间也有限。而通过混合CD4+和CD+8,共回输有利于CD+8细胞的功能的维持和存留时间的延续。而在实际培育过程中,CD4+和CD+8的培育条件是不同的,需要不同的刺激信号途径。另外一个重要的因素,Tregs细胞由于其在肿瘤中的免疫负调节机制,因此需要再回输的细胞产品中,分离出这类不利于肿瘤治疗的Tregs细胞。然而,在实际的操作过程中,分离和筛选细胞产生的相关费用较高,如何降低费用是临床应用中的一个挑战。

2.研究显示,中央记忆细胞和幼稚T细胞是最适合的细胞阶段,然而对于老年患者幼稚T细胞数量不足的情况下,或者由于疾病进展或放化疗的作用下,体内预存T细胞不足的情况,T细胞无法增值到一定量,直接影响到最终的CAR-T治疗效果。针对此类患者,如何扩增出足够量的T细胞。

3.对于不同的肿瘤,是否有统一的最佳的细胞产品和回输剂量?靶向CD19的CAR-T用于B淋巴瘤的成功能否复制到其他实体瘤中?

4.最佳细胞亚群的刺激。

5.是否需要为CAR-T细胞设置自杀装置?由于存在大量的无法确定的临床不良反应,为了控制因过继T细胞回输引起的不良反应,或非靶向细胞毒性,是否需要在CAR-T细胞中添加诱导凋亡受体?

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    2015-08-04 仁者大医
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    2015-08-01 Jianghuiqin

    cart,免疫治疗越来越被重视啊!

    0

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    2015-07-29 wenzhiren
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    2015-07-29 Boyinsh

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