房颤的导管消融治疗,证据级别、推荐等级全线升级——聚焦ESC2012 心房颤动治疗指南更新

2012-10-02 MedSci MedSci原创

自2010年ESC房颤管理指南公布以来,越来越多的与房颤导管消融治疗相关的研究被发表报道,包括多项随机或非随机研究,单中心或多中心研究。这些研究带来对房颤导管消融的新认识,最终促成了房颤指南的更新,使导管消融治疗的证据级别、推荐等级全线升级。 导管消融治疗的新证据支持全线升级房颤导管消融治疗的推荐等级 随着多项随机与非随机研究发表,房颤的导管消融治疗显示出了较抗心律失常药物在维持窦律、改善生活质量

自2010年ESC房颤管理指南公布以来,越来越多的与房颤导管消融治疗相关的研究被发表报道,包括多项随机或非随机研究,单中心或多中心研究。这些研究带来对房颤导管消融的新认识,最终促成了房颤指南的更新,使导管消融治疗的证据级别、推荐等级全线升级。
导管消融治疗的新证据支持全线升级房颤导管消融治疗的推荐等级
随着多项随机与非随机研究发表,房颤的导管消融治疗显示出了较抗心律失常药物在维持窦律、改善生活质量等方面的显著优势。这些研究包括:
1. MANTRA-PAF(Medical ANtiarrhythmic Treatment or Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation)研究 这是一项将导管消融治疗与抗心律失常药物均作为一线治疗的随机研究,研究纳入294例患者,随访24个月,结果显示导管消融治疗组AF复发率与症状性AF复发率显著低于药物治疗组。12-24个月生存质量显著优于药物治疗组;
2. RAAFT II (Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Trial)研究得到类似的结果;
3. FAST (atrial Fibrillation catheter Ablation vs. Surgical ablation Treatment)随机研究 研究对比了一个小样本人群中导管消融治疗与外科消融治疗的预后。结果显示,外科消融治疗的节律控制效果虽然优于导管消融,但是外科消融术后的手术并发症也显著高于导管消融组。
基于这些研究,指南推荐药物治疗失败有症状的阵发性房颤患者,导管消融治疗,推荐升级为I类推荐。同样这些数据进一步支持了导管消融治疗作为AF节律控制一线治疗在症状明显的阵发性房颤患者(同时愿意接受导管消融治疗且手术相关并发症风险低)中应用的建议。需要注意的是,导管消融治疗作为房颤控制节律治疗的一线治疗推荐仍有严格的条件限制:①经验丰富的中心;②适合的患者;③仔细评价治疗方案;④患者的自主意愿。其他的研究也同样证实了(虽然是单中心、非随机数据)导管消融治疗较药物治疗有效维持房颤患者窦性心律的优势。这些研究中的患者大部分是无结构性心脏病,且CHA2DS2-VASc评分低风险的阵发性房颤患者。
围术期的抗凝治疗新推荐——维生素K拮抗剂的口服抗凝治疗可在导管消融术的围术期继续使用。
口服抗凝治疗预防消融手术围术期血栓并发症已达成共识。不论是对于需长期抗凝治疗的患者还是对于无卒中风险的患者均可获益。自2010年指南起,多项研究证实导管消融围术期继续使用抗凝治疗(INR 2.0-3.0)可降低房颤导管消融并发症。因此,在最近的HRS/EHRA/APHRS专家共识中明确指出,对于术前口服维生素K拮抗剂进行抗凝的房颤患者可在围术期继续使用,替代围术期的肝素使用。
新型口服抗凝药物在AF消融围术期的使用尚无经验。最初的研究曾经显示消融术围术期非标准化使用新型口服抗凝剂,使围术期卒中的风险轻度增加,这显然与我们印象中的新型口服抗凝药物预防房颤卒中的效果不符。虽然消融术围术期继续使用新型口服抗凝药物的相关风险不详,但是替换或衔接替换其他抗凝药物的出血风险还是明确的。目前,关于新型口服抗凝药物的统一认识是:对于消融术前停用常规口服抗凝药物的患者,可在消融术后开始使用新型口服抗凝药物。这一方案当然也同样需要避免同肝素的衔接替换。
总之,对于口服维生素K拮抗剂的患者,推荐在导管消融术围术期继续使用抗凝治疗并在维持INR水平于2-2.5。这一治疗策略可以减少围术期卒中以及无临床表现的脑梗死的发生率。
2012年房颤导管消融指南更新主要包括:
1. 抗心律失常药物治疗(胺碘酮、决奈达隆、氟卡尼、丙胺苯丙酮、索他洛尔)基础上复发的伴随症状的阵发性房颤患者,愿意接受进一步抗节律治疗,并由接受过正规培训的医生,在有经验的介入中心完成介入手术,推荐导管消融治疗。(IA)
2. 房颤导管消融的目标为肺静脉的电隔离(IIa A)
3. 在充分考虑患者自主选择、获益与风险的基础上,房颤的导管消融治疗可替代抗心律失常药物作为一线治疗推荐用于有症状的阵发性房颤患者。(IIa B)
4. 接受房颤导管消融治疗的患者,围术期可继续使用口服抗凝药物——维生素K拮抗剂,并维持INR水平接近2.0。(IIa B)
5. 导管消融术后6周内复发的房颤,可在现有的控制节律治疗方案基础上继续观察。无需更改治疗策略。(IIa B)

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    2012-10-04 sodoo

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