JAMA:人为什么要睡觉?来看看睡眠对清除大脑“垃圾”的重要性

2021-05-22 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

人类为什么要睡觉?

人类为什么要睡觉?大多数人一生中有三分之一的时间在睡觉。在人类历史的大部分时间里,个人在睡觉时更容易受到敌人和掠夺者的攻击。但是,每个人却仍在睡觉。请听来自美国布莱根妇女医院Anthony L. Komaroff教授发表在《美国医学会杂志》JAMA上的观点。

睡眠的好处

睡觉的一个原因可能是为了让大脑和身体休息。然而,大多数器官在睡眠期间继续工作。特别是,大脑在睡眠中高度活跃。弗洛伊德认为睡眠的一个目的是通过梦境来解决埋藏在无意识中的消极思想。而现代有科学家推测,在睡眠期间,未使用的突触会被修剪以加强其余的突触,就像修剪枯枝能增强玫瑰花丛的健康一样。

然而,在过去十年中,新的发现表明了睡眠的另一个重要作用:大脑的"废物管理"。神经元和胶质细胞有很高的新陈代谢率并产生大量的废物。这些废物包括有毒物质,包括乳酸和两个分子(Aβ和tau),后者是阿尔茨海默病(AD)的病理核心。

神经元和胶质细胞很容易被这种废物所伤害,因此非常需要有效地消除废物。大脑有多种消除废物的方法,包括局部蛋白分解、小胶质细胞的吞噬以及穿过多孔的血脑屏障进入血液循环。然而,几个世纪以来的解剖学研究发现大脑中没有淋巴系统。

脑部“垃圾”管理系统有哪些?

1) 脑膜淋巴系统:2015年,在啮齿类动物、非人类灵长类动物和人类的脑膜中发现了淋巴管。这些血管将液体和免疫细胞带到颈部深层淋巴结,并最终进入全身循环。

2) 类淋巴系统:类淋巴系统是一个排水系统,它将 "新鲜 "的脑脊液(CSF)与富含废物的脑间质(ISF)混合在一起,并将液体和废物冲出大脑,进入全身循环。

睡眠对大脑“垃圾”清除的影响

在睡眠期间,特别是在非快速眼动、慢波睡眠期间,通过类淋巴统的液体流量最大。最重要的是,ISF增加了60%,而随着液体的增加,大脑的清除也更多。去除Aβ和tau可以减轻富含Aβ斑块的形成和生长,并防止tau丝的播种和扩散—— AD的关键特征。

大脑清除系统损害相关疾病

昼夜不分的人(如轮班工作)和久坐不动的人,大脑清除系统的功能也会降低。脑外伤后,在颅内压升高的情况下,以及在睡眠呼吸暂停、肥胖、高血压、2型糖尿病、脑血管动脉硬化、脑血管出血、缺血性中风、AD、睡眠中断或剥夺的病人中,它也会降低。

综上,类淋巴系统和脑膜淋巴系统的发现扩大了目前对大脑如何消除废物的理解。以前注意到的长期睡眠不足和几种主要疾病之间的相关性,鉴于其与睡眠的联系,可以合理地解释为由此导致的淋巴系统功能的损害

 

参考文献:

Komaroff AL. Does Sleep Flush Wastes From the Brain? JAMA. Published online May 17, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.5631

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942483, encodeId=99ce1942483c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=851b960646e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重要性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96064, encryptionId=851b960646e, topicName=重要性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Mon Nov 01 11:14:19 CST 2021, time=2021-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540729, encodeId=1e081540e2909, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be0ae30534b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#睡觉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73053, encryptionId=be0ae30534b, topicName=睡觉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb5913283122, createdName=tsing_hit, createdTime=Mon May 24 10:14:19 CST 2021, time=2021-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=967866, encodeId=c45f96e86629, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=b3545492917, createdName=smart Ren, createdTime=Sun May 23 06:21:40 CST 2021, time=2021-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=967847, encodeId=27d496e8474c, content=赞了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220104/932d90deda664597aea7ca060e092257/b9847400109446a08cb74b93f6bed91f.jpg, createdBy=3bd72221523, createdName=ms9047824711583390, createdTime=Sat May 22 23:35:15 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1036631, encodeId=78f110366319c, content=顶刊就是顶刊,谢谢梅斯带来这么高水平的研究报道,我们科里同事经常看梅斯,分享梅斯上的信息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=旺医, createdTime=Sat May 22 22:14:19 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-24 tsing_hit
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942483, encodeId=99ce1942483c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=851b960646e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重要性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96064, encryptionId=851b960646e, topicName=重要性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Mon Nov 01 11:14:19 CST 2021, time=2021-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540729, encodeId=1e081540e2909, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be0ae30534b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#睡觉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73053, encryptionId=be0ae30534b, topicName=睡觉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb5913283122, createdName=tsing_hit, createdTime=Mon May 24 10:14:19 CST 2021, time=2021-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=967866, encodeId=c45f96e86629, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=b3545492917, createdName=smart Ren, createdTime=Sun May 23 06:21:40 CST 2021, time=2021-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=967847, encodeId=27d496e8474c, content=赞了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220104/932d90deda664597aea7ca060e092257/b9847400109446a08cb74b93f6bed91f.jpg, createdBy=3bd72221523, createdName=ms9047824711583390, createdTime=Sat May 22 23:35:15 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1036631, encodeId=78f110366319c, content=顶刊就是顶刊,谢谢梅斯带来这么高水平的研究报道,我们科里同事经常看梅斯,分享梅斯上的信息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=旺医, createdTime=Sat May 22 22:14:19 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-23 smart Ren

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    2021-05-22 ms9047824711583390

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    2021-05-22 旺医

    顶刊就是顶刊,谢谢梅斯带来这么高水平的研究报道,我们科里同事经常看梅斯,分享梅斯上的信息

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