CRISPR-Cas9技术发明简史

2016-01-28 郭晓强博客园 科学网博客园

2015年生命科学突破奖(Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences)授予6位科学家(每位获奖者300万美元),其中两位女性为加州大学伯克利分校的美国生物化学家杜德娜(Jennifer Anne Doudna)和德国汉诺威医学院/赫尔姆霍茨感染研究中心的法国生物化学家卡彭蒂耶(Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier),以表彰她们在“具有潜在革命性D

2015年生命科学突破奖(Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences)授予6位科学家(每位获奖者300万美元),其中两位女性为加州大学伯克利分校的美国生物化学家杜德娜(Jennifer Anne Doudna)和德国汉诺威医学院/赫尔姆霍茨感染研究中心的法国生物化学家卡彭蒂耶(Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier),以表彰她们在“具有潜在革命性DNA编辑工具——CRISPR-Cas9技术发明中的重要贡献”。

1  CRISPR的发现

1987年,日本微生物学家石野良纯(Yoshizumi Ishino)课题组在克隆大肠杆菌碱性磷酸酶同工酶(alkaline phosphatase isozyme, iap)基因编码序列时,意外发现编码序列附近存在间隔串联重复(5个)的DNA片段,每个重复片段含29个保守碱基且具有内部碱基互补的回文结构,这些保守片段之间由32个碱基的居间序列隔开,对这种结构的生物学功能却一无所知。

90年代,研究人员先后在多种细菌和古菌基因组中发现这种特殊的串联重复结构,因此2000年将其统称为短规律性间隔重复(short regularly spaced repeat, SRSR)序列。2002 年,荷兰乌得勒支大学扬森(Ruud Jansen)正式将这种结构命名为成簇规律性间隔短回文重复(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat, CRISPR)。在研究CRISPR序列过程中还发现许多与这些序列功能存在关联的核酸酶或螺旋酶,统称为CRISPR-相关因子(CRISPR-associated,Cas),从而在细菌中鉴定出一个全新的CRISPR-Cas系统。

2. CRISPR系统生物学功能的阐明

2005年,科学家发现CRISPR中的居间序列并非细菌自身染色体所拥有,反而和细菌病毒(噬菌体)和染色体外DNA(质粒)序列更为相似。基于这一事实,科学家推测CRISPR-Cas可能是细菌的一种适应性防御系统:细菌通过特定方式获取噬菌体DNA片段并将其整合到自身CRISPR序列,从而对外源入侵病毒产生“记忆”,当噬菌体再次感染时,细菌利用这些序列信息来识别入侵者并将其破坏。

2007年,一项研究表明感染烈性噬菌体后的细菌大部分死亡,保留下来的“幸运”细菌则获得对同株噬菌体再次感染的抗性。对这些细菌基因组分析发现其CRISPR居间序列中存在噬菌体序列,去除这些序列可造成细菌噬菌体抗性消失;而将这些序列直接整合到未感染过噬菌体的细菌CRISPR,则细菌对首次噬菌体感染也拥有抗性,从而证实了CRISPR居间序列的重要作用。进一步研究还发现,细菌获得抗性的原因在于具有核酸内切酶活性的Cas蛋白可特异性将与居间序列互补配对的噬菌体DNA双链在特定位置切开,从而造成噬菌体DNA双链断裂,消除潜在威胁。

这一系列研究表明CRISPR-Cas是一种全新的细菌获得性免疫系统,细菌通过该系统可实现自我保护作用,这一现象的直接用途就是通过改造细菌基因组而获得抵抗噬菌体能力,减少工程菌死亡,而更为重要的用途则是随后发明的基因编辑技术。

3. CRISPR-Cas9技术的发明

卡彭蒂耶的研究重点是感染性疾病分子生物学,28岁放弃舞蹈开始在巴黎皮埃尔和玛丽居里大学钻研生物化学和微生物学,后在巴斯德研究所完成博士学位。在完成博士后培训后进入瑞典于默奥大学(Umeå University)开展独立研究。卡彭蒂耶更多关注的是细菌抵御病毒侵染的分子机制,随着CRISPR-Cas系统的发现,她的研究小组迅速投入该领域,初步阐明CRISPR来源RNA(CRISPR-derived RNA, crRNA)的生成和作用。卡彭蒂耶小组研究发现一种反式激活crRNA(trans-activating crRNA, tracrRNA)可与Cas蛋白参与RNA酶III对CRISPR转录出序列的选择性酶切而产生crRNA,随后Cas蛋白、tracrRNA和crRNA形成的复合物可对与crRNA配对的外源DNA实施剪切。

杜德娜主要研究方向为RNA介导基因调节的分子机制,并拥有完美学术生涯,其博士导师是哈佛大学绍斯塔克(Jack Szostak,2009年“由于端粒的发现”而分享诺贝尔生理学或医学奖),而博士后指导教师为科罗拉多大学切赫(Thomas Cech,1989年“由于核酶的发现”而分享诺贝尔化学奖),其优势在于拥有坚实的分子生物学、结构生物学和生物化学等研究基础。2007年,杜德娜小组开始研究CRISPR-Cas系统,重点在于阐明Cas酶催化crRNA形成和靶DNA链断裂过程的结构基础和分子机制。

2011年,细菌获得性免疫系统CRISPR-Cas作用机制被基本阐明,从而为进一步应用奠定坚实基础。CRISPR-Cas发挥作用主要有三个步骤:首先,外源DNA部分短序列作为间隔序列插入细菌染色体DNA形成CRISPR;随后,CRISPR转录生成crRNA前体,借助RNA酶III完成crRNA成熟;最后,crRNA区间序列与外源DNA互补配对从而启动Cas蛋白催化的DNA剪切。并且发现存在三类CRISPR-Cas系统,其中Ⅱ类系统最为简单,只需要一种Cas蛋白——Cas9即可完成DNA识别和剪切,更适合于实际操作。

从这个角度来看,CRISPR-Cas系统与细菌限制-修饰系统的发现和应用过程具有异曲同工之妙。限制-修饰系统是细菌对自身DNA进行修饰(甲基化),对外源DNA则借助限制性内切酶识别(不识别修饰后的自身DNA)和剪切而抵御感染。后来发现也存在三类限制性内切酶,而Ⅱ类内切酶由于识别和剪切在相同位置而被广泛应用。限制性内切酶的发现荣获1978年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,而利用限制性内切酶首次实现DNA重组则分享1980年诺贝尔化学奖。

2011年,卡彭蒂耶和杜德娜在波多黎各学术会议上相识,研究方向的一致性和研究内容的互补性使二人决定开展紧密合作,以将细菌的CRISPR-Cas系统应用于DNA编辑,并与2012年首次实现突破。两个小组对天然CRISPR-Cas系统进行适当改造,将tracrRNA和crRNA双组分利用基因工程整合为一条链,称为单链引导RNA(single guide RNA, sgRNA),该RNA拥有两个特性,一个位于5’端与靶序列互补的20个核苷酸(crRNA作用),另一个为3’端被Cas9识别的双链发夹结构(tracrRNA作用)。改造后用于特定DNA编辑技术的CRISPR-Cas9基本原理在于:sgRNA与靶DNA相应序列互补配对可启动核酸内切酶Cas9的双链切割活性,一方面Cas9的HNH核酸酶结构域将sgRNA互补链DNA切开,另一方面RuvC样结构域则负责将非互补链DNA切开。卡彭蒂耶和杜德娜联合小组首次在试管内完成DNA精确切割,奠定了DNA编辑技术基础,开拓了一个全新领域,这项突破也成为CRISPR-Cas9技术发明的一个里程碑。2013年初,两个小组进一步利用CRISPR-Cas9技术在细胞内实现DNA精确编辑,随后引发一个井喷式发展,通过改造还可实现基因表达的激活或抑制调控。

4. 展望

CRISPR-Cas9技术在DNA编辑方面的简洁和高效使其迅速成为当前生命科学最为炙手可热领域之一,已广泛应用于多种模式生物包括酵母、斑马鱼、果蝇、线虫、小鼠、恒河猴等的基因组改造。CRISPR-Cas9技术应用领域包括细胞和动物模型建立、功能基因组筛选、基因转录调节表观调控、细胞基因组活性成像和靶向治疗等。由于技术本身存在脱靶效应,因此在临床应用安全性方面尚待进一步完善和改进,但其强大的作用效果将为单基因甚至多基因遗传病治疗提供全新模式。

杜德娜和卡彭蒂耶除分享2015年生命科学突破奖外还共同分享多项荣誉,如共同入选《时代》杂志2015年世界最有影响百人。随着CRISPR-Cas9技术重要性的日益体现,两位科学家也将成为诺贝尔奖(化学奖可能性更大)热门候选之一,不远的将来也将斩获这项科技界最高桂冠。

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    2016-01-30 yuandd
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275854, encodeId=67f712e5854dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360422, encodeId=983a1360422f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99e5521532' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5215, encryptionId=99e5521532, topicName=CRISPR-Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364994, encodeId=97f6136499446, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455257, encodeId=801f145525e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624754, encodeId=e7341624e5425, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62109, encodeId=2a1d621093e, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 20:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61904, encodeId=6d1c6190447, content=收藏,回看!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61883, encodeId=c3856188386, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 21:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-30 respect
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275854, encodeId=67f712e5854dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360422, encodeId=983a1360422f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99e5521532' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5215, encryptionId=99e5521532, topicName=CRISPR-Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364994, encodeId=97f6136499446, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455257, encodeId=801f145525e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624754, encodeId=e7341624e5425, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62109, encodeId=2a1d621093e, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 20:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61904, encodeId=6d1c6190447, content=收藏,回看!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61883, encodeId=c3856188386, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 21:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275854, encodeId=67f712e5854dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360422, encodeId=983a1360422f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99e5521532' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5215, encryptionId=99e5521532, topicName=CRISPR-Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364994, encodeId=97f6136499446, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455257, encodeId=801f145525e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624754, encodeId=e7341624e5425, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62109, encodeId=2a1d621093e, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 20:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61904, encodeId=6d1c6190447, content=收藏,回看!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61883, encodeId=c3856188386, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 21:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-30 yaanren
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275854, encodeId=67f712e5854dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360422, encodeId=983a1360422f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99e5521532' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5215, encryptionId=99e5521532, topicName=CRISPR-Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364994, encodeId=97f6136499446, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455257, encodeId=801f145525e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624754, encodeId=e7341624e5425, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 07:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62109, encodeId=2a1d621093e, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 20:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61904, encodeId=6d1c6190447, content=收藏,回看!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61883, encodeId=c3856188386, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 21:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-29 李继凯

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    2016-01-28 ssummer

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    2016-01-28 I come

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