“常见”的罕见病(rare diseases,RD)有哪些?

2015-01-01 MedSci MedSci原创

近年来,不少罕见病“砸入”了我们的眼球,从引发全球关注“冰桶挑战”,常被误认为是颈椎病的ALS(肌萎缩侧索硬化症,患者俗称“渐冻人”),到有一个可爱名字的“瓷娃娃”病(也就是成骨不全症),从香港艺人杜汶泽患上的“怪病”——Fisher综合征(一种多发性神经炎疾病),到被称为月亮孩子的白化病,罕见病 (rare diseases,RD)不仅给患者及其家庭带来了无尽的痛苦,而且也造成了不少社会问题

近年来,不少罕见病“砸入”了我们的眼球,从引发全球关注“冰桶挑战”,常被误认为是颈椎病的ALS(肌萎缩侧索硬化症,患者俗称“渐冻人”),到有一个可爱名字的“瓷娃娃”病(也就是成骨不全症),从香港艺人杜汶泽患上的“怪病”——Fisher综合征(一种多发性神经炎疾病),到被称为月亮孩子的白化病,罕见病 (rare diseases,RD)不仅给患者及其家庭带来了无尽的痛苦,而且也造成了不少社会问题。

目前WHO已公布的RD有5000–6000种,约占人类疾病的10%。美国NIH建立的ORDR(office of Rare Diseases Research)的数据库中包含6800多种RD,欧盟的orphnet 数据库公布了5781 种RD,其中1500 多种RD 在欧洲的患病率已有统计数字报导。每周大约在医学文献上出现 5 种新的RD 报导。据统计,80% 的RD 为罕见性遗传病,还包含有部分的传染病、自身免疫病等。多数罕见性遗传病为单个基因突变导致,其中有2000多种罕见疾病已找到了致病基因。

1982年,美国的罕见病家庭和支持团体成立了一个“非正式联盟”,呼吁立法支持孤儿药和治疗罕见病的药物研发,1983年,这个组织成功使美国国会通过了“孤儿药法案”,该法案制定了发展孤儿药的诸多激励性措施。30多年过去了,FDA共认证近3000个孤儿药,获批的有400多个,涉及447种罕见病的治疗。

那么我们经常看到,或者说关注度比较高的罕见病有哪些呢?

多发性硬化症(MS)

概述:这是一种以中枢神经系统白质脱髓鞘病变为特点,遗传易感个体与环境因素作用发生的自身免疫性疾病。这种疾病在全世界约困扰着250 万人口,但在中国却是一种少见疾病。
病因:神经细胞有许多树枝状的神经纤维,这些纤维就像错综复杂的电线一般。MS 就是因为在中枢神经系统中产生大小不一的块状髓鞘脱失而产生症状。大脑中的神经如同电线般错综复杂,电线外需要包裹绝缘体才能防止短路,而 MS的病人就是这层绝缘体脱落导致神经元短路,人体免疫系统则不分敌我地发起攻击,从而致使髓鞘脱失。

“硬化”指的是这些髓鞘脱失的区域因为组织修复的过程中产生的疤痕组织而变硬。这些硬块可能会有好几个,随着时间的进展,新的硬块也可能出现,所以称作“多发性” 。

症状:麻木和刺痛感、肌无力和肌痉挛、抽筋、恶心、抑郁和记忆丧失。

是否有治疗方法:目前应用较多的药物是利鲁唑

相关研究:

一种有前途的治疗复发的多发性硬化症的新药(视频)

逆袭!赛诺菲多发性硬化症新药Lemtrada获FDA批准上市

Lancet Neurol:Daclizumab能明显降低多发性硬化症(MS)的复发(SELECTION研究) 

白化病

白化病(Albinism)多为常染色体隐性遗传,在人群中的发病率约为1/15000,据此推测我国人群中约有白化病患者近9万人。白化病患者怕见阳光、极易晒伤的特点使得他们在阳光强烈的白天很少户外活动,在有月亮的夜晚他们才会感到自由自在,所以人们亲切地称他们为“月亮孩子”。

病因:白化病导致患者黑色素或黑色素体生物合成缺陷,患者的皮肤和毛发呈白化现象,易晒伤、大多有眼球震颤、怕光、低视力等现象,且目前无有效的治疗方法。
是否有治疗方法:目前药物治疗无效,仅能通过物理方法,尽量减少紫外辐射对眼睛和皮肤的损害。

相关研究:

Traffic:李巍等溶酶体运输机制和白化病研究中获进展

血友病

血友病(Hemophilia)是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病,患者一般为男性,发病率约十万分之五,我国约有7-10万名。

症状:共同的特征是活性凝血活酶生成障碍,凝血时间延长,终身具有轻微创伤后出血倾向,重症患者没有明显外伤也可发生“自发性”出血。典型患者常自幼年发病、自发或轻度外伤后出现凝血功能障碍;从而在外伤、手术时常出血不止,严重者在较剧烈活动后也可自发性出血。

是否有治疗方法:该病目前尚无法治愈,患者需终身使用凝血因子来维持生命,但预防性治疗可以使血友病儿童像正常孩子一样健康成长。目前,由于我国血制品短缺和价格昂贵,许多患儿得不到及时有效的治疗而成为残疾人。

相关研究:

ASH 2014:NovoEight®可减轻高基线A型血友病出血

Blood:长效重组VIII Fc融合蛋白药物Eloctate对严重A型血友病安全有效(A-LONG研究)

FDA批准B型血友病治疗药Rixubis上市 NEJM:严重血友病的基因疗法 

SFDA:批准注射用重组人凝血因子治疗血友病

GreenGene F在美治疗A型血友病进入3期临床试验

成骨不全症

又称脆骨病,瓷娃娃,患儿易发骨折,轻微的碰撞,也会造成严重的骨折,是一种罕见遗传性骨疾病,发病率约10万分之3,发病男女的比例大约相同。中国约有10万患者,是一种显性遗传疾病。

病因:病因不明,多有家族遗传史,是一种先天性遗传疾病,根据基因突变可分成4-11种类型,但有争议。病变主要是胶原纤维不足,结构不正常,全身性结缔组织疾病。其病变不仅限于骨骼,还常常累及其他结缔组织如眼、耳、皮肤、牙齿。

是否有治疗方法:无特殊治疗。主要是预防骨折,要严格的保护患儿,一直到骨折趋势减少为止,但又要防止长期卧床的并发症。

肌萎缩侧索硬化症

又称渐冻人症,是运动神经元病的一种,是累及上运动神经元(大脑、脑干、脊髓),又影响到下运动神经元(颅神经核、脊髓前角细胞)及其支配的躯干、四肢和头面部肌肉的一种慢性进行性变性疾病。平均发病率约为每年1.5/10万,患病率为4~6/10万。

症状:临床上常表现为上、下运动神经元合并受损的混合性瘫痪。脊髓和脑干所支配的肌肉无力、萎缩、肌束震颤,球麻痹和锥体束征。智能和认知力极少受累,视力、眼球活动、自主神经功能以及感觉系统一般不受侵犯。
是否有治疗方法:尚无药物

相关信息:

Cell Rep:治疗肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症的新靶点MuSK 
 

其它还如:

elosulfase alfa:商品名Vimizim,2014年2月14日获FDA批准上市,2009年5月15日被授予孤儿药资格,用于治疗ⅣA型黏多糖贮积症(半乳糖-6-硫酸酯酶缺乏引起)。本品能够替代患者体内缺乏的半乳糖-6-硫酸酯酶,由BioMarin研发,也是首个获FDA批准治疗该疾病的药物

droxidopa(屈昔多巴):商品名Northera,2014年2月18日获FDA批准上市,2007年1月17日获孤儿药认证,用于治疗原发性自主神经衰竭患者、多巴胺-β-羟化酶缺乏症患者以及非糖尿病自主神经病变患者的神经症状性体位性低血压。本品有灵北制药研发,目前国内已有上市。

metreleptin(美曲普汀):商品名Myalept,2014年2月24获FDA批准上市,2001年8月22日被认定为孤儿药,用于治疗脂肪代谢障碍继发的代谢紊乱,美曲普汀可以辅助饮食作为先天或继发性脂肪代谢障碍患者瘦素缺乏并发症的替代疗法。本品由Amylin研发,是一种重组人甲硫氨酰瘦蛋白(人瘦素类似物)。

miltefosine(米替福新):商品名Impavido,2014年3月19日获FDA批准上市,由PaladinTherapeutics研发,用于治疗利什曼病,2006年10月10日被授予孤儿药地位。米替福新是一种十六烷磷酸胆碱,最初作为抗肿瘤药物研制,后发现其有抗寄生虫的作用。

Coagulation factor IX (recombinant)Fc fusion protein:重组凝血因子IXFc融合蛋白,商品名Alprolix,本品由百健艾迪研发,2014年3月28日FDA批准其用于控制和预防B型血友病(先天性凝血因子IX缺乏症或圣诞节病)患者出血发作,该药物因此适应症2008年10月30日被授予孤儿药地位。

antihemophilic factor (recombinant)Fcfusion protein:重组抗血友病因子Fc融合蛋白,商品名Eloctate,本品由百健艾迪研发,2014年6月6日被FDA批准上市,并在2010年11月23日被授予孤儿药地位,用于控制和预防成人和儿童血友病A(先天性Ⅷ因子缺乏症)出血事件,围手术期处理,以及防止或减少出血发作的常规预防。

coagulation factor VIIa (recombinant):重组凝血因子VIIa,商品名NovosevenRt,由诺和诺德研制,2014年7月2日被批准用于革兰滋慢氏凝集无力症(血小板无力症),主要是针对对血小板输注抵抗的成人和儿童患者。本品2004年6月18日被授予孤儿药地位。

C1-esterase inhibitor (recombinant):重组C1酯酶抑制剂,商品名Ruconest,1999年2月23日获孤儿药地位,2014年7月16日批准上市。由Stantarus和Pharming集团共同研发,用于治疗遗传性或获得的C1酯酶抑制剂缺乏引起的血管性水肿急性发作。遗传性血管性水肿系常染色体遗传性疾病,可发生于任何年龄,而多见于成年早期,是一种罕见的和潜在的威胁生命的疾病。

dantrolene sodium:丹曲林钠,混悬型注射液,每一小瓶的治疗剂量为250mg/5mL,可在不到1分钟的时间内注射完毕,大大缩短了治疗时间。本品商品名Ryanodex,由Eagle制药研制,2014年7月24日获FDA批准上市。此前,FDA已于2013年8月授予Ryanodex孤儿药地位,用于治疗恶性高热(MH)。MH是一种遗传性肌病,以高代谢为特征,患者接触到某些麻醉药物后触发。该病是目前所知的唯一一种可由常规麻醉用药引起围手术期死亡的遗传性疾病。

eliglustat:商品名Cerdelga,由美国健赞公司开发,2008年9月17日被授予孤儿药称号,2014年8月19日被FDA批准用于治疗I型戈谢病。戈谢病是一种罕见的遗传病,这类患者不能产生足够的葡糖脑苷脂酶,该酶缺乏会引起不正常的葡萄糖脑苷脂在网状内皮细胞内积聚。

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    2015-04-27 lovejing

    真不错,很值得学习

    0

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22112, encodeId=aadc2211255, content=真不错,很值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9e0b1603164, createdName=lovejing, createdTime=Mon Apr 27 10:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011943, encodeId=8b20201194346, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 01:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=16018, encodeId=35fb160183f, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cce01615276, createdName=Johnny1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 15:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1793057, encodeId=00371e9305768, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c40515131f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#rare#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15131, encryptionId=c40515131f3, topicName=rare)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sat Mar 28 13:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467079, encodeId=4898146e07922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Sat Jan 03 09:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541698, encodeId=4ab8154169886, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d6e6599e27' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diseases#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5997, encryptionId=d6e6599e27, topicName=Diseases)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=474713318057, createdName=Tamikia, createdTime=Sat Jan 03 09:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569688, encodeId=9835156968877, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=49e0161680c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SES#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16168, encryptionId=49e0161680c, topicName=SES)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fc215562628, createdName=dongjia2015, createdTime=Sat Jan 03 09:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13621, encodeId=424613621d3, content=总结的好,涨姿势了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Thu Jan 01 19:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-16 Johnny1989

    谢谢分享!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22112, encodeId=aadc2211255, content=真不错,很值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9e0b1603164, createdName=lovejing, createdTime=Mon Apr 27 10:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011943, encodeId=8b20201194346, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 01:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=16018, encodeId=35fb160183f, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cce01615276, createdName=Johnny1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 15:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1793057, encodeId=00371e9305768, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c40515131f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#rare#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15131, encryptionId=c40515131f3, topicName=rare)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sat Mar 28 13:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467079, encodeId=4898146e07922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Sat Jan 03 09:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541698, encodeId=4ab8154169886, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d6e6599e27' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diseases#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5997, encryptionId=d6e6599e27, topicName=Diseases)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=474713318057, createdName=Tamikia, createdTime=Sat Jan 03 09:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569688, encodeId=9835156968877, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=49e0161680c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SES#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16168, encryptionId=49e0161680c, topicName=SES)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fc215562628, createdName=dongjia2015, createdTime=Sat Jan 03 09:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13621, encodeId=424613621d3, content=总结的好,涨姿势了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Thu Jan 01 19:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2015-01-03 syscxl
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    2015-01-03 Tamikia
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    2015-01-03 dongjia2015
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    2015-01-01 baihao215

    总结的好,涨姿势了

    0

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