Cell:社交恐惧怎么办?解读“长期独处”改变大脑

2018-06-06 小通 生物通

世界上最遥远的距离不止是“我站在你面前 你却不知道我爱你”,还有“我站在你面前 你却在玩手机”。

世界上最遥远的距离不止是“我站在你面前 你却不知道我爱你”,还有“我站在你面前 你却在玩手机”。

当社会交际成本日益升高,人们为降低现实生活带来的应激,保护私人空间的意识逐渐增强。与外界隔离的“宅文化”悄无声息地走入大众生活。很多人宁愿对着电脑/手机屏幕玩网络游戏,也不愿出门交际。

现代人享受“孤独”,性格却变得更加敏感,不知不觉表现出易怒、频繁觉得压力很大和注意力散漫等亚健康心理,甚至衍生出抑郁症和精神分裂症等精神疾病。

公共卫生研究表明,长期社交隔离对哺乳动物心理健康存在负面影响,例如,人类抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍等。

如今,加州理工学院的研究人员发现,社交隔离会导致大脑特定化学物质积累,阻断这种化学物质积累可以消除隔离带来的负面影响。这项工作对治疗人类心理健康障碍具有潜在应用。

生物学教授、Tianqiao和Chrissy Chen神经科学研究所主任David J. Anderson实验室的博后学者Moriel Zelikowsky是本研究的带头人,文章发表于5月17日出版的《Cell》。

观察结果表明,长期社交隔离导致小鼠行为变化,包括攻击不熟悉的同类、持续恐惧和对威胁刺激超敏反应,例如,当遭遇威胁性刺激时,社交隔离的小鼠在威胁过去后仍“冻结”在原地,而正常小鼠在威胁解除后立即解除冻结状态。这种情况仅对经历了2个星期以上长期社交隔离的小鼠有影响,而短期(24小时)隔离没有明显症状。这表明,对攻击和恐惧的过度反应来自长期隔离。

过去Anderson实验室在果蝇模型中发现一种名为速激肽(tachykinin)的特殊神经化学物质可以促进社交隔离果蝇的侵略行为。tachykinin是一种来自特定神经元被激活时释放的短蛋白神经肽。神经肽可以与神经元上特异性受体结合,改变后者的生理特性,从而影响神经回路功能。

考虑到tachykinin对控制社交隔离引起的负面作用是否可以从昆虫扩大到哺乳动物,Anderson团队将研究中心转移到小鼠的tachykinin基因“Tac2”。 Tac2编码神经激肽B(neurokinin B,NkB)。Tac2/NkB都来自小鼠特定脑区(杏仁核和下丘脑)神经元,这些区域参与情绪和社交行为。

研究人员发现,长期隔离导致Tac2基因表达升高,全脑NkB水平上调。用化学药物NkB特异性受体阻断,可以让处于应激状态下的小鼠行为恢复正常。相反,人为增加Tac2水平并激活正常的无压力小鼠相应神经都会导致像隔离动物一样的应激行为。

分别抑制多个特定脑区的Tac2功能和其受体功能,研究人员发现,减少杏仁核的Tac2增加可消除恐惧行为,但不能消除攻击性行为;相反,抑制下丘脑基因,可以消除攻击性行为,但不能消除恐惧行为。这意味着,Tac2必须在不同脑区增加才能产生社交隔离的各种效应。

虽然这项工作是在小鼠模型身上完成的,但它对理解慢性应激对人类的影响具有潜在意义。

“人类有类似的Tac2信号系统,”Zelikowsky说。“在寻求心理健康障碍治疗方法时,传统上,我们习惯关注影响较广的神经递质系统,例如5-羟色胺和多巴胺。

但是,因为它们充满整个大脑,操纵这些系统通常会导致不必要的副作用。像Tac2这样的精确和局部作用神经肽在心理健康治疗领域应用前景将会更好。”

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    2019-04-06 维他命
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    2018-06-08 fengyi818

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