Cell Rep:哈佛科学家揭示“恶心”的神经生物学机制

2022-07-28 中国生物技术网 中国生物技术网

该团队发现了引起恶心的postrema区域兴奋性神经元及其相关受体,并描述了表达GLP1受体的神经元。

恶心,是医疗保健中最常见的症状之一。对于人体而言, 恶心的起源可谓是五花八门:从怀孕、晕车、偏头痛、视觉不适感到吃了腐败食物或接受化疗,这种令人不快的感觉总在困扰着人类。

虽然恶心的感觉时而“到访”,但在重要的情况下,例如:当身体摄入毒素或感染时,恶心会促使呕吐,帮助我们排出有害物质以维持健康。然而,当恶心发生在其他情况下,例如怀孕期间,或作为癌症或糖尿病治疗的副作用时,它就可能成为一个严重的问题。例如,有患者因严重的恶心感而放弃了拯救生命的治疗。此外,不加控制的呕吐会导致电解质失衡,在极少数情况下,还会引发危及生命的脱水。

目前临床上的抗恶心药物通常不那么有效,很大程度上是因为科学家们对产生恶心的机制还没能完全理解。

近日,发表在《Cell Reports》上的一项新研究中,来自哈佛医学院的研究团队阐明了引发恶心的基本生物学原理,并指出了一个重要的临床靶点。该研究为开发更有效的抗恶心药物奠定了基础。

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研究第一作者、哈佛医学院细胞生物学系研究员张楚楚说:“因此,在了解恶心的机制以前,我们无法真正开发出更好的治疗策略。”

上世纪五十年代,科学家们在催吐实验中发现切除脑干postrema区域会使动物对大部分的催吐剂没有反应。因此,postrema区域被认为与恶心有关。该区域位于脑干中的第四脑室,而且位于血脑屏障之外。这意味着,postrema区域可以接触到血液中的各种物质。

两年前发表在《Neuron》上的一项研究中,该团队发现了引起恶心的postrema区域兴奋性神经元及其相关受体,并描述了表达GLP1受体的神经元。GLP1是一种与血糖和食欲控制有关的蛋白质。他们指出,这种受体是糖尿病药物的常见靶点,而恶心是糖尿病药物的主要副作用。

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实验显示,当带有GLP1受体的神经元被激活时,小鼠会表现出恶心的迹象;而当关闭该神经元时,恶心行为就会停止。研究人员还绘制了位于血脑屏障外恶心诱导神经元群,以便可以检测出血液中的毒素,从而了解哪些受体在postrema区域(AP)表达,哪些类型的通路可能参与了恶心信号传导。研究人员表示,干预恶心的一个传统方法是使用药物抑制剂阻断这些信号通路。

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在这项新研究中,该团队重点关注了postrema区域的兴奋性神经元和抑制性神经元,以试图找到新的能消除恶心的方法。

首先,他们探索了postrema区域抑制性神经元的结构和功能。通过对这些神经元的解剖和映射研究发现,它们形成了一个与附近兴奋性神经元相连的密集网络(见下图)。当研究人员激活这些抑制性神经元时,小鼠停止了通常由兴奋性神经元引发的恶心行为。

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红色为抑制性神经元,白色为兴奋性神经元

在进一步研究中,研究人员在postrema区域确定了三种类型的抑制性神经元,其中一种表达GIP受体,GIP是一种在进食后由消化系统释放的小蛋白质,它刺激胰岛素的释放以控制血糖。

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张楚楚说:“我们很好奇这种机制是如何发挥作用的,是否能通过控制GIP受体标记的抑制性神经元群来消除恶心行为。”

随后,研究人员发现,当使用GIP激活这些抑制性神经元时,由化学信使GABA引发的抑制性电流流向附近的兴奋性神经元,从而降低了它们的活性。在行为水平上,给予小鼠GIP以激活这些抑制性神经元可以消除恶心行为;而当抑制性神经元被破坏时,即使在给予GIP后,小鼠仍会表现出恶心的迹象。

该团队指出,由于小鼠不会呕吐,所以这项研究是观察动物是否存在暗示恶心的行为,例如避免使用有毒物质。考虑到人类拥有相同的通路,他们认为这种机制可能也存在于人体中。

研究人员表示,在药理学可及的大脑区域识别抑制性神经元,可以简单地利用这些神经元消除恶心的反应。位于postrema区域的脑干抑制性神经元可能是抗恶心药物开发的一个重要的临床靶点。这无疑是开发抗恶心治疗的新策略。

张楚楚说,GIP已经被研究作为一种潜在治疗恶心的方法。事实上,初步研究表明,给予GIP或激活GIP受体可以减少能呕吐动物的恶心症状,包括雪貂、狗和鼩鼱。科学家目前正在将GIP纳入靶向GLP1受体的糖尿病治疗中,目的是减少引发恶心的副作用。

该团队表示,将继续探索恶心的基本生物学原理,包括大脑中这些抑制性神经元是如何自然激活的,以及还有哪些大脑区域参与控制它们的活动。他们还希望研究抑制性神经元表达的其他受体,以及参与这些表达过程的信号因子。

张楚楚说:“由于引发恶心的方式不同,可能有不同的受体和信号因子可以作为抑制恶心的药物靶点。我们想更多地了解各种恶心机制,以便我们能够根据具体情况制定更好的治疗策略。”

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    2022-09-29 维他命
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    2022-09-17 ms4000001744147756

    抑制了恶心,对其他病的早期发现不会干扰吗

    0

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    2022-07-28 122fcb19m83暂无昵称

    学习了

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