CSCRS 2014:结合肿瘤生物学行为,形成三维思维模式

2014-06-25 姜旭晖 整理报道 中国医学论坛报

肿瘤传统分期仍局限于线性思维 肿瘤治疗无外乎预防、早期诊断和合理治疗,对于肿瘤细致的分期、分级、分型,最终帮助指导临床治疗,提高患者的生存率。 无论是1932年提出的Dukes结直肠癌">结直肠癌分期标准,1955年美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)癌症分期手册对结直肠癌的分期,还是沿用至今2010年第7版的TNM分期标准,肿瘤传统分期仍局限于线性思维的模式,没有将肿瘤的生物学特性融合其中。

讲者:美国匹兹堡大学医学院 孙伟劲教授

肿瘤传统分期仍局限于线性思维

肿瘤治疗无外乎预防、早期诊断和合理治疗,对于肿瘤细致的分期、分级、分型,最终帮助指导临床治疗,提高患者的生存率。

无论是1932年提出的Dukes结直肠癌">结直肠癌分期标准,1955年美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)癌症分期手册对结直肠癌的分期,还是沿用至今2010年第7版的TNM分期标准,肿瘤传统分期仍局限于线性思维的模式,没有将肿瘤的生物学特性融合其中。临床医生经常会遇到这样的问题,术后分期(Ⅲ期)和辅助化疗均相同的患者预后为何有巨大的差异?对于术后分期(Ⅱ期)的患者辅助化疗是否有益?如何解决这些问题,孙教授提出,运用三维思维模式,将肿瘤的分子生物学特性与临床因素相融合,以循证医学指导肿瘤患者的个体化治疗是今天要讨论的内容。

解密肿瘤生物学特性

肿瘤学家发现结直肠癌的发病率与患者的年龄、性别、家族史均有联系,如果家族中有一名一级亲属罹患结直肠癌,其他成员患病的风险提高1.72倍;一名或多名年龄<45岁的一级亲属患病,其他成员患病的风险则提高5.37倍,家族史正是由肿瘤的生物学特性所决定的。

结直肠癌是一种异质性疾病,由多种不同分子通路异常所引起,为了明确生物学特性,从而对结直肠癌进行正确分型,并可靠地预测肿瘤的行为和预后,必须对基因突变进行详细的探查和研究。

结直肠癌分为散发性和遗传性两大类,多数患者为散发性。散发性结直肠癌患者有2条主要通路,染色体不稳定(CIN)通路和CpG岛甲基化表型(CIMP)通路。O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶(MGMT)基因启动子区域的CpG岛甲基化使得该酶表达缺失,导致CIMP通路发生,并与高度微卫星不稳定(MSI-H)、BRAF突变和KRAS突变有关。遗传性结直肠癌患者具有MSI-H和错配修复缺陷(dMMR),容易罹患林奇(Lynch)综合征。微卫星不稳定(MSI)通路存在于几乎全部Lynch综合征患者中,在MSI通路发生的肿瘤中DNA dMMR,导致DNA中核酸重复序列的插入和(或)丢失。

区分预测因素和预后因素

孙教授随后对预后因素与预测因素进行了区分,预后因素影响疾病的结局,与干预措施无关;而预测因素可以通过影响干预措施的效果而影响疾病的结果。预后因素和预测因素之间并不是独立存在,而是交互影响,所以结合肿瘤生物学特性运用三维思维模式指导临床治疗就显得尤为重要。

BRAF突变属于预后因素,是结直肠癌预后较差的标志,其与肿瘤位于近端肠段、高龄、女性、MSI-H、较高的肿瘤分期和粘液腺癌相关。KRAS突变同样是也是预后因素,但是其具体指向目前还有争议。MSI-H与较多的淋巴结检出数量有关,淋巴结检出数量是结直肠癌患者长期生存的预测因素,其可能和多个因素(肿瘤部位、肿瘤及宿主的遗传因素、免疫交互)相关。

TNM-G分期是未来发展趋势

最后,孙教授指出,将肿瘤生物学特性与传统TNM分期结合所形成全新的TNM-G分期,应该是未来的发展趋势。分子特征(基因型)可以解释组织学结果(表型),成为预测预后以及为患者选择靶向治疗的必要条件;由于高通量测序技术进入常规的基因检测,在可预见的未来,肿瘤的诊断和筛查方法将发生巨大改变。

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    2014-06-27 cathymary
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