Nature:噬菌体疗法重出江湖,会是抗生素耐药菌的新克星吗?

2017-07-18 佚名 Nature自然科研

利用CRISPR改造的微生物使细菌的免疫应答攻击其自身。对病毒进行基因改造,使之引发细菌“自杀”,或许是对抗抗生素耐药性感染的下一个手段。

利用CRISPR改造的微生物使细菌的免疫应答攻击其自身。对病毒进行基因改造,使之引发细菌“自杀”,或许是对抗抗生素耐药性感染的下一个手段。


噬菌体(绿色)攻击细菌(橙色)。研究人员希望使用经过改造的病毒对抗抗生素耐药性。

AMI Images/SPL

根据上周在美国蒙大拿州举行的2017年度CRISPR大会上的一份报告,多家公司已经利用CRISPR基因编辑系统改造了这类被称为噬菌体的病毒,使之能够杀死特定类型的细菌。这些公司最快将于明年开始临床试验。

北卡罗来纳州Locus Biosciences公司的首席科学官Rodolphe Barrangou在大会上表示,初步测试显示,这些噬菌体挽救了原本将死于抗生素耐药性感染的小鼠。

长久以来,从自然界分离并提纯的噬菌体一直被用于治疗人类感染,尤其是在东欧地区。这些病毒只感染特定种类细菌或细菌菌株,因此对人体的天然微生物组的影响比抗生素要小。人们普遍认为它们可以被非常安全地用在人类身上。

不过,噬菌体疗法一直发展缓慢,部分原因在于这些病毒是天然存在的,无法申请专利。细菌也可以快速演化出对天然噬菌体的抗性,这意味着研究人员必须不断地分离出新的能够对抗相同细菌菌株或同种细菌的噬菌体。而对于监管机构来说,不断地审批新疗法也较难落实。

利用CRISPR驱动细菌死亡

为了避免这些问题,Locus和另外几家公司正在对噬菌体进行改造,改造后的噬菌体能使细菌免疫系统CRISPR将矛头转向自身。Locus的噬菌体的目标是具有抗生素耐药性的细菌,其CRISPR系统包含了可以给改造后的向导RNA发出指令的DNA,而向导RNA锁定的是抗生素耐药性基因的部分。噬菌体一旦感染了某细菌,向导RNA即“抓住”它的耐药性基因。这会促使Cas3酶摧毁该基因序列,而在正常情况下细菌会产生这种酶来杀死噬菌体。最终,Cas3会摧毁所有DNA,杀死细菌。“我现在觉得像这样利用噬菌体杀死细菌有点讽刺,”Barrangou说。

另一家位于巴黎的公司Eligo Bioscience也采用了类似的方法。它删除了所有允许噬菌体复制的基因指令,并插入可以编写向导RNA和细菌酶Cas9的代码的DNA。Cas9在指定位点剪断细菌DNA,引起细菌自我毁灭。Eligo的首席执行官Xavier Duportet表示,该系统将来的目标是人体肠道病原体,不过他拒绝透露具体是哪些病原体。

这两家公司希望在未来18-24个月内开始临床试验。他们的第一个目标是治疗会引发严重疾病的细菌感染,但是,最终目标是通过消除与肥胖症、自闭症和某些癌症相关的天然产生的细菌,开发能够精准改造人体微生物组的噬菌体。

Barrangou和Duportet二人都承认,目前人体微生物组与这些疾病的因果关系仍不确定。但是,他们希望待其疗法被证明对人类安全有效之时,他们对两者之间关系也将有更深入的认识。麻省理工学院的合成生物学家、Eligo的联合创始人Timothy Lu表示,噬菌体也有望使研究人员操控实验动物的微生物组,这或许有助于他们理解特定细菌如何影响自闭症等疾病。

改造之法

其它公司正在努力改造噬菌体来执行不同的任务。来自加州Synthetic Genomics公司的一个小组改造出了“超强”噬菌体,它能包含多达十几种特殊成分,包括可以分解生物膜的酶或帮助噬菌体躲避人体免疫系统的蛋白质。

尽管如此,经过改造的噬菌体仍存在亟待克服的障碍。华盛顿常青州立学院的微生物学家Elizabeth Kutter称,治疗感染可能需要大量的噬菌体,目前并不清楚这会不会触发免疫应答,其中一些免疫应答可能会干扰治疗。她还表示,噬菌体也可能将抗生素耐药性基因转移至非耐药性细菌。

Lu补充说,细菌甚至仍可能对改造后的噬菌体产生抗性。因此,研究人员可能需要频繁地改造其噬菌体,以便跟上细菌突变的速度。

Kutter表示,随着抗生素耐药性的传播,经过改造的噬菌体和天然噬菌体都将拥有极大的用武之地,天然噬菌体疗法也一样越来越流行。“我认为它们将与已经被改造了几十万年的天然噬菌体形成互补,”她说。

原始出处:Sara Reardon.Modified Viruses Deliver Death to Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.Nature.2017 Jun 21;546(7660):586-587

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    2018-03-12 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882292, encodeId=dbb2188229268, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Mar 12 10:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224528, encodeId=33602245284e, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 07:39:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341380, encodeId=dbef134138067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9d940353d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#噬菌体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40353, encryptionId=a9d940353d8, topicName=噬菌体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLIQxicGuURvblbKDmmdLreAdrFKYA57y7viabog6mfk8dXQpQzYCf0ibcgoMnFrQ2MiaV8Iic4ocdhEfw/132, createdBy=0e3a2500177, createdName=ms1692810954239974, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418664, encodeId=5cdd141866467, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b07e8041efb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#耐药菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80417, encryptionId=b07e8041efb, topicName=耐药菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10723392161, createdName=xiaoshitou, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1441640, encodeId=821814416404b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64655544106' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素耐药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55441, encryptionId=64655544106, topicName=抗生素耐药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1cac4876897, createdName=12498bf3m26暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=223849, encodeId=965b22384987, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jul 19 09:50:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-21 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882292, encodeId=dbb2188229268, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Mar 12 10:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224528, encodeId=33602245284e, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 07:39:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341380, encodeId=dbef134138067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9d940353d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#噬菌体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40353, encryptionId=a9d940353d8, topicName=噬菌体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLIQxicGuURvblbKDmmdLreAdrFKYA57y7viabog6mfk8dXQpQzYCf0ibcgoMnFrQ2MiaV8Iic4ocdhEfw/132, createdBy=0e3a2500177, createdName=ms1692810954239974, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418664, encodeId=5cdd141866467, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b07e8041efb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#耐药菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80417, encryptionId=b07e8041efb, topicName=耐药菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10723392161, createdName=xiaoshitou, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1441640, encodeId=821814416404b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64655544106' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素耐药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55441, encryptionId=64655544106, topicName=抗生素耐药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1cac4876897, createdName=12498bf3m26暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=223849, encodeId=965b22384987, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jul 19 09:50:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882292, encodeId=dbb2188229268, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Mar 12 10:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224528, encodeId=33602245284e, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 07:39:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341380, encodeId=dbef134138067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9d940353d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#噬菌体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40353, encryptionId=a9d940353d8, topicName=噬菌体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLIQxicGuURvblbKDmmdLreAdrFKYA57y7viabog6mfk8dXQpQzYCf0ibcgoMnFrQ2MiaV8Iic4ocdhEfw/132, createdBy=0e3a2500177, createdName=ms1692810954239974, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418664, encodeId=5cdd141866467, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b07e8041efb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#耐药菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80417, encryptionId=b07e8041efb, topicName=耐药菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10723392161, createdName=xiaoshitou, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1441640, encodeId=821814416404b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64655544106' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素耐药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55441, encryptionId=64655544106, topicName=抗生素耐药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1cac4876897, createdName=12498bf3m26暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 02:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=223849, encodeId=965b22384987, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jul 19 09:50:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-19 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    继续关注

    0