Neuropsychopharmacology:吸烟改变青少年大脑构造

2014-03-13 佚名 生物通

毫不惊讶,常年吸烟会改变大脑消化尼古丁的方式。很常见的影响就是,这种方式会使人们对香烟产生一种很难停止的渴望和满足。但是吸烟后多久这种循环就开始了呢?是否真的是尼古丁改变了大脑结构,从而使吸烟者更可能产生对烟的依赖?最近Neuropsychopharmacology刊登了一项研究,Edythe London,加州大学洛杉矶分校的精神病学和药理学教授,她和她的研究团队发现,与不吸烟者相比,的确年轻的

毫不惊讶,常年吸烟会改变大脑消化尼古丁的方式。很常见的影响就是,这种方式会使人们对香烟产生一种很难停止的渴望和满足。

但是吸烟后多久这种循环就开始了呢?是否真的是尼古丁改变了大脑结构,从而使吸烟者更可能产生对烟的依赖?

最近Neuropsychopharmacology刊登了一项研究,Edythe London,加州大学洛杉矶分校的精神病学和药理学教授,她和她的研究团队发现,与不吸烟者相比,的确年轻的吸烟者显示出大脑特定区域的不同。更令人担心的是,即使是轻度吸烟习惯,每天一包或更少量的吸烟,也会使大脑构造产生差异。



London和她的同事主要研究大脑中的一个区域,即脑叶。由于之前关于动物和成年人的研究都显示脑叶的大小和容量会受吸烟影响。在大脑皮层,记忆区,意识区,语言区中,脑叶包含了最多的尼古丁受体。这个区域主要负责帮组人类做决定和帮组人类建立内部状态的自我意识。在研究了中风病人后发现,其中的吸烟者由于中风失去了右脑叶的功能,因此戒了烟。之后他们对尼古丁就失去了渴望。早期London的研究也发现,当吸烟者在看到电视中的人吸烟时,这会影响他们对香烟的渴望。他们对香烟有多大的渴望,通过PET scan(脑部新陈代谢断层扫描)亮起来的地方,我们就能看到脑叶区域有多少活动。

London的研究团队对比了18个吸烟的少年和24个不吸烟的青年的大脑,他们年龄在16到21岁之间,经过结构磁共振成像后并未发现他们脑叶有区别。但是经过仔细的检查后发现,吸烟者的右脑叶比不吸烟者的薄。

London说到,“当他们处在十几岁的少年时期的最后阶段时,他们的大脑仍在发育。这时期的吸烟很可能会改变他们今后对于香烟的依赖,这样脑叶也会随之改变大脑的发育轨迹。”

尽管这项研究无法证明脑叶的差别会导致人们吸烟,或是这样的差别是由吸烟造成。但是London认为脑叶的的差别突出了一点,大脑结构对于人类如何对尼古丁和香烟做出反应有着很紧密的关系。她说,“找到这样的差别太令人兴奋了,因为这起码指出了一个潜在的弱点,要么是因此变得依赖尼古丁,要么这是由吸烟造成的,最终改变了大脑发育轨迹。”大脑发育轨迹不仅会影响吸烟习惯,也会对人们做决定造成影响,因为脑叶在分析评估这些行为上起到至关重要的作用。

原始出处:
Brain changes in young smokers.Neuropsychopharmacology Mar 13 2014.

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    2014-05-18 jj000001
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    2014-06-11 yb6560
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