Cell Metab:重新定义肥胖与疾病的关系!科学家用多组学数据重新划分肥胖类型,并准确预每种胖究竟更容易患哪种病

2018-10-27 奇点糕 奇点网

Scripps Research基因组学教授Amalio Telenti博士开始了一项大型研究,对BMI相关的代谢组和基因组进行了多组学分析,试图找到一个更准确的衡量肥胖的方法,对判断疾病的风险提供更精确的参考。

俗话说,好看的人都是相似的,不好看的人各有各的不好看。

咳咳,同理,瘦的健康人大抵相同,肥胖人士则各有各的不健康,有些发生了2型糖尿病,有些患了高血压,还有一些被诊断出动脉粥样硬化和冠心病。这充分说明,肥胖人士的各种疾病风险也是有区别的,不能一概而论。

能不能有一项指标,可以分辨出“肥胖的种类”,使我们准确地辨认出相关的疾病风险?

诶,说来就来了。

Scripps Research基因组学教授Amalio Telenti博士开始了一项大型研究,对BMI相关的代谢组和基因组进行了多组学分析,试图找到一个更准确的衡量肥胖的方法,对判断疾病的风险提供更精确的参考。

在这项研究中,研究人员分析了2396名志愿者的BMI数据,分析了上千种代谢物以及和肥胖相关的基因组,用代谢物水平建立了一个预测肥胖的模型,准确率可以达到80-90%。通过检测不同的代谢物水平可以成功分辨出“肥胖的种类”,将不同疾病的发生风险区别开来。而肥胖不太受到遗传因素的影响。


通讯作者Amalio Telenti博士

研究分析的数据主要来源于TwinsUK,这是英国最大的成人双胞胎登记处,收集了从16岁到98岁遗传和环境以及各种健康数据。参与者的数据在平均13年的3个时间点收集,并且使用了427名志愿者的数据进行验证。

结果不出所料,代谢组水平和BMI密切相关。研究人员共筛选出49种和BMI有密切关系的代谢物,其中大部分是脂质(47%)和氨基酸(29%),也包括一些核苷酸和肽。

这些代谢物水平和BMI呈线性关系,大部分随着BMI的增加而升高,比如葡萄糖、甘露糖这些已经熟知的在胰岛素抵抗中发挥作用的代谢物。也有一部分随BMI升高而降低,比如反映高密度脂蛋白水平的一些脂质。所有代谢物中,和BMI相关性最高的是尿酸盐,可以解释16%的BMI差异,这是一种与痛风有关的代谢物。


从左往右分别为氨基酸、脂质、核苷酸和肽与BMI的线性关系

研究人员用这些代谢物做了一个新的模型预测BMI,叫做mBMI。mBMI可以准确预测80-90%志愿者的真实体重,但是还有一部分mBMI与BMI相去甚远。不论BMI显示的是正常还是肥胖,都有可能出现和mBMI不匹配的情况。

什么情况???

mBMI≤BMI说明虽然体重较重,但是代谢水平还处于一个健康的状态,胰岛素抵抗、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、血压、腰臀比、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪百分比和皮下脂肪百分比都和正常体重的健康代谢组相似,疾病的魔爪还触之不及。

奇点糕盲猜一下,你身边一定也有这样的小伙伴,整天念叨自己“光吃不胖”,不费力气就可以保持苗条的身材。但是这些人真的如同他们的BMI显示的那么健康?和肥胖相关疾病完全搭不上边吗?

mBMI≥BMI结果的发现提醒着这些朋友要有危机意识。因为在这一组人群中,他们的代谢组所表现出的肥胖水平是大于体重表型的。也就是说,胖子也好瘦子也罢,代谢水平都已经向肥胖人士看齐了。很有可能过一阵子就开始展现肥胖表型了。退一步讲,就算是“被上帝亲吻过”的不发胖体质,体重不会增加,各种疾病的风险也是会增加。

由此看来,直接用BMI来作为疾病的风险参考确实不够靠谱。于是研究人员在诸多代谢物中找到了几种比较有标志性的,对它们与2型糖尿病血管疾病的风险之间的关联进行了分析。

胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病之间的关系就不用奇点糕再复述了吧?研究人员发现酪氨酸、丙氨酸等12种代谢物的水平与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关。一旦发现这些代谢物的水平异常升高,就说明胰岛素的工作效率下降,2型糖尿病在朝你招手,是时候提高警惕啦!

肥胖被认为是血管疾病的危险因素,在肥胖人群中,心血管疾病的风险随着BMI的增加而增加。研究人员对志愿者们的心血管疾病数据进行了统计和分析,第一次就诊的年龄在33-74岁,最后一次就诊的年龄在42-88岁,在13年的随访时间中,共记录了53例心血管疾病的发生。

结果显示,在mBMI和BMI曲线重合的时候,BMI与心血管发生风险正相关,这没毛病。但是如果mBMI和BMI出现了偏差,那就还是得看mBMI指数。在相同的BMI范围内,肥胖代谢组人群的心血管疾病风险是健康代谢组人群的2-5倍!

所以说,BMI正常的人也不能掉以轻心,因为既然有“胖得健康”,就一定存在“瘦得不健康”,mBMI扒开了隐藏在BMI表象下的疾病风险相关因素。简单来说,BMI说你胖了还不算,要代谢组说你胖了,那你就是真“胖”了。

除了代谢组,研究人员还根据与肥胖有关的遗传因素,计算了BMI的多基因风险评分。但是,科学家们发现的那些与肥胖相关的基因突变,却并没有对肥胖的表型产生非常显着的影响。多基因风险评分仅能解释BMI变化的1.2-2.2%。所以说,遗传因素和肥胖相关的疾病发生并没有显着的相关性。

Telenti博士强调,这种结合多种代谢物来评价肥胖和健康状况的方法依然停留在学术阶段,如果想要根据代谢物来对疾病进行预测,还需要更长时间的跟踪调查和临床试验的验证。

或许在不久的将来,抽一管血,检测一些代谢物水平,就可以完成全部的体检项目了,不用拿着各种单据在医院跑上跑下,想想还有点小激动呢~

原始出处:Elizabeth T. C, lining G, Christine L S, et al. Profound Perturbation of the Metabolome in Obesity Is Associated with Health Risk[J]. Cell Metabolism, 2018.

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    2019-06-27 维他命
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    2018-11-01 guojianrong
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    2019-04-03 一闲
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    2018-10-28 kafei

    了解一下谢谢

    0

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