Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A:想去西藏?你有这些基因突变吗?

2017-04-12 James 医之道

在海拔数千米的地方生活不是件容易的事。空气中的氧气较少,阳光中有较多的有害紫外线(UV)辐射, 不同季节之间的食物供应变化极大。但这并不妨碍近500万人生活在世界屋脊——平均海拔4000米的青藏高原上。现在,科学家对有史以来最大样品量的藏族基因组进行了分析,发现了7个新的突变,帮助藏族人适应高海拔,这些基因突变导致较高的体重指数(BMI),并促使身体产生叶酸。

在海拔数千米的地方生活不是件容易的事。空气中的氧气较少,阳光中有较多的有害紫外线(UV)辐射, 不同季节之间的食物供应变化极大。但这并不妨碍近500万人生活在世界屋脊——平均海拔4000米的青藏高原上。现在,科学家对有史以来最大样品量的藏族基因组进行了分析,发现了7个新的突变,帮助藏族人适应高海拔,这些基因突变导致较高的体重指数(BMI),并促使身体产生叶酸。

科学家早就知道生活在青藏高原的人(包括以善于登山闻名的尼泊尔夏尔巴人)能够适应比海平面低40%的氧气含量。大多数登山者的身体通过暂时升高血红蛋白(携带氧气到全身的血液蛋白)来适应较高的海拔,而藏族人已经进化出一套不同的生化适应,让他们的身体能极为有效地利用氧气。对藏族人来说这是个好消息,因为过多的血红蛋白使血液难以被泵出,并容易凝结,增加卒中和心脏病的机会。

但藏族人这种适应的详细情况一直是个谜。早前的研究提示有两个基因——EPAS1(继承自名为丹尼索瓦人的古代人族)和ELGN1——在减少血红蛋白和增加氧气利用方面起作用。为了研究是否还涉及到其他基因,澳大利亚布里斯班市昆士兰大学Jian Yang和中国温州医学大学金子兵等科学家比较了3008位藏族人和7287位非藏族人的基因组。

研究团队在藏族人基因组中寻找常见的变异;然后计算这些变异在人群中是随机地,还是通过自然选择来播散。发表于《美国国家科学院学报》上的这个报道指出,EPAS1和ELGN1很有可能是进化性适应,。所以另外的7个基因也是如此:MTHFR、RAP1A、NEK7、ADH7、FGF10、HLA-DQB1和HCAR2。

在藏族人中,ADH7基因变异与体重和BMI较高有关,这可以帮助身体储存能量,以度过贫瘠高原上特别困难的时期。MTHFR变异也有助于预防营养缺乏:它能促进叶酸生成,叶酸对妊娠和生育非常重要。叶酸在暴露于高水平紫外线辐射时易分解,所以高叶酸水平可代偿较高的紫外线照射。Yang指出,HLA-DQB1属于一组基因,作用是调控对免疫系统极为重要的蛋白,由于营养不良的极端生活条件使人更容易罹患疾病,因此其作用尤为重要。其他4个基因变异的作用不太清楚,但它们可能是高海拔以外的其他选择性压力导致的进化反应。

盐湖城犹他大学的遗传学家、同样研究高海拔遗传学的Lynn Jorde称,这项研究的大样本量增加了其可信度。这样的大数据集能帮助研究人员检测出具有显着性的变异,并剔除假阳性。这也可以解释为什么早前的研究——包括Jorde的团队进行的一些研究——为什么没有发现这些基因。

但他表示,要让他和同领域中的其他人相信某个特定基因确实是进化性适应,光有基因组学研究还不够。“我认为统计结果固然很重要,但最多只能带我们找到自然选择留下的印迹。”Jorde说,“我们需要以功能性研究来跟进,如在动物模型中,或至少在体外系统中,来寻找并验证自然选择的生物学基础。”

原始出处:

Jian Yang, et al. Genetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Apr 3.

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    2017-11-16 liye789132251
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    2017-05-03 lishizhe
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    2017-06-22 linlin2312
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    2018-03-25 qidongfanjian
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    2017-04-14 sunylz
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    2017-04-12 lemon985

    这也能

    0

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