Nature:专题 神经退行性疾病

2016-11-11 生物通:万纹 生物通

神经退行性疾病的发病率不断攀升,部分原因在于人类寿命增长,却仍然缺乏治疗此类疾病的方法。11月9日Nature杂志推出了“Neurodegenerative diseases”特刊,探索大脑衰老的机制,介绍了目前针对老年痴呆症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和帕金森病的研究新进展。同时也揭示了朊蛋白病相关的研究也许扩展到更多常见神经退行性疾病,并为淀粉样蛋白的功能提供新的观点。

神经退行性疾病的发病率不断攀升,部分原因在于人类寿命增长,却仍然缺乏治疗此类疾病的方法。11月9日Nature杂志推出了“Neurodegenerative diseases”特刊,探索大脑衰老的机制,介绍了目前针对老年痴呆症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和帕金森病的研究新进展。同时也揭示了朊蛋白病相关的研究也许扩展到更多常见神经退行性疾病,并为淀粉样蛋白的功能提供新的观点。


这一专题包括六篇文章,分别从上述几个方面进行了介绍,其中国际知名的神经学科学家蔡理慧发表综述,介绍了重启阿兹海默症患者神经环路的还原治疗之路。

而来自斯坦福大学医学院的Tony Wyss Coray则概述了衰老,神经退行性疾病和大脑复原的最新内容,Coray此前曾从血浆中分离鉴别出了18个信号蛋白,这些信号蛋白能用于作为鉴定阿兹海默症样品的生物标记蛋白。  

实验证明用这18个生物标志蛋白来预测阿兹海默症与诊断结果相比有高达90%的准确率。这些蛋白的生物学分析指向症状发生前阿兹海默症的造血功能、免疫反应、凋亡和神经元支持的系统失调。  

在“Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism”这篇文章中,几位作者分析ALS病的分子机理和病理机制。ALS又称Lou Gehrig病,是一种急进性神经系统疾病,可影响负责随意肌控制的神经细胞。诊断后的平均寿命是两到五年。  

去年美国的两个研究小组揭示出了一种非常常见的基因突变造成肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)和额颞痴呆(FTD)相关神经细胞死亡及脑损伤的机制。他们报告称发现定位在人类9号染色体上的C9orf72基因发生改变,可使得一些RNA分子阻塞蛋白质运输通路,导致了脑细胞核外分子交通堵塞,影响了脑细胞的运行和存活。  

同时利用一种人类ALS和FTD果蝇模型,研究人员筛查了400个候选蛋白,寻找在活体生物中阻止脑细胞死亡的蛋白,由此获得了这一重要的突变。这项研究确定了RanGAP是重复序列的一个关键靶标,当恢复其功能时可以阻止脑细胞死亡。  

此外,还有综述介绍了朊蛋白相关的研究与神经退行性疾病的关联,苏黎世联邦理工大学的生物化学家发现,细胞内沉积的蛋白质,例如那些与帕金森氏症和阿尔茨海默氏病有关的蛋白质可能也是有益的。研究人员在这些细胞中发现了一种新形式的年龄相关蛋白沉淀,他们呼吁应该重新思考我们对于衰老和痴呆的看法。  

他们认为将衰老过程视为“有缺陷的细胞功能和疾病的结果”,这种观念过于狭窄。这个观念忽略了一个事实,即所谓的朊蛋白样蛋白质积累,可能也会产生积极的效果,因此不应该被称为细胞故障。  

在最近几年里,有科学家推测,细胞中的聚集蛋白能起到积极的作用。聚集体与新发现的年龄相关聚集体有所不同,充当了酵母细胞的分子记忆。甚至在小鼠中,朊病毒样的蛋白聚集体和记忆之间存在一种正相关关系。美国科学家证明,神经细胞中具有这种聚集体的小鼠,表现出更稳定的长期记忆。 

原始出处:

Marie-Thérèse Heemels. Neurodegenerative diseases. Nature.09 November 2016.

[1] Tony Wyss-Coray. Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation. Nature 539, 180-186. 09 November 2016

[2] Rebecca G. Canter, Jay Penney & Li-Huei Tsai. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 539, 187–196. 09 November 2016

[3] J. Paul Taylor, Robert H. Brown Jr & Don W. Cleveland. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism. Nature 539, 197–206. 09 November 2016 

[4] Asa Abeliovich & Aaron D. Gitler. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics. Nature 539, 207–216. 09 November 2016 

[5] John Collinge. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 539, 217–226. 09 November 2016

[6] Roland Riek & David S. Eisenberg. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective. Nature 539, 227–235. 09 November 2016

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    2017-01-29 zhouqu_8
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    2016-11-13 drkangkang

    我把每一篇文章都当教材一样看!

    0

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