Nature:16年诺奖回顾:热爱酵母的大隅良典与细胞自噬的故事

2017-10-01 Nature自然科研 Nature自然科研

2016年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁发给了分子生物学家大隅良典,以表彰他在细胞自噬领域的贡献。细胞自噬指的是细胞降解回收自身组成部分的过程。

2016年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁发给了分子生物学家大隅良典,以表彰他在细胞自噬领域的贡献。细胞自噬指的是细胞降解回收自身组成部分的过程。

71岁的大隅良典是东京工业大学横滨校区的教授,上世纪九十年代,他在实验中使用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)识别出了控制细胞自噬的基因。这一机制同样存在于人类细胞中,有时和遗传疾病相关。

“他是一位非常谦虚的酵母遗传学家,可以说他颠覆了这一领域,”Sharon Tooze表示;她是英国弗朗西斯·克里克研究所的一位细胞生物学家,“他对这个奇怪的通路很有兴趣,事实证明,这个通路在医学中非常重要。”

“自噬”(autophagy)这个词来自希腊语中的“自食”,1963年比利时生物化学家Christian de Duve发明了这一术语,他发现,细胞成分会在一个被他称为溶酶体的细胞器中降解。现在,生物学家已经了解到这一过程对活细胞而言是至关重要的。

“没有自噬,我们的细胞就无法存活,”瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院的生理学家Juleen Zierath表示,她是诺贝尔生理学或医学奖评选委员会的成员之一。细胞挨饿时,可以消耗自己的蛋白质来获取能量。这种降解作用还可以被用于清除受损的蛋白质和细胞器——有效地更新细胞、清理废物,也能抵御入侵的细菌和病毒。

无人问津的领域

Tooze说,大隅良典是在博士后阶段开始研究酵母的,在主要研究项目停滞不前时,他将酵母DNA复制作为自己的研究副业。在1988年大隅良典刚开始研究细胞自噬时,“细胞自噬基本是个无人问津的研究主题,”瑞士巴塞尔大学的生物化学家Michael Hall表示,“人们基本认为它是细胞的废物处理系统,只是在大规模降解废物,没什么特异之处。”

大隅良典在2012年12月接受东京工业大学网站的采访时表示,他的研究发现始于对微生物的热爱。“我们可以借助酵母,回答有关生命本质最基本、最重要的问题,”他补充道。

随后,大隅良典率先对酵母进行遗传筛选,识别除了自噬通路所涉及的基因。但生物学家在多年后才认识到了这一机制对于生理学和疾病的意义。

1999年,Beth Levine(现就职于美国德州大学达拉斯西南医学中心)与她的同事报告称,一种哺乳动物自噬基因能抑制肿瘤生长。自此,研究者对这一领域的兴趣突飞猛进。这一发现促使了人们进一步探索自噬在癌症中的作用。

迄今为止,人们已经发现自噬异常与帕金森症、II型糖尿病以及其它疾病存在联系,人们正在开发能影响这一过程的药物。

Hall表示,现在,研究者对细胞自噬在癌症中的复杂作用有了更加详细的认识:这一过程似乎会在早期抑制肿瘤生长,但也会在肿瘤扩散后助推其生长。

独揽诺奖

大隅良典获得了800万瑞典克朗(约合630万人民币)的诺贝尔奖奖金;他还曾因在细胞自噬领域做出的贡献,获得了2012年的京都奖基础科学奖,奖金为5000万日元(约合420万人民币)。

一些其他科学家也在这一领域做出过重要贡献,并且曾被认为有可能分享诺贝尔奖。举例来说,德国哥廷根大学医学中心的生物化学家Michael Thumm,还有密歇根大学安娜堡分校的细胞生物学家Daniel Klionsky也发现了自噬基因。

“如果诺奖只能颁给一个人,那么非大隅良典莫属,”Hall表示,“但如果能加进其他人也会是不错的选择。”

与大隅良典合作了十年的东京工业大学生物学家中戸川仁表示,在过去的几年里,已经有很多人猜大隅良典会得诺奖,记者经常出现在学校里要求采访大隅良典。 当同事们在正式公布前两个小时听到大隅良典获奖的消息后,他们一起聚在在大隅良典的实验室里庆祝。中戸川仁说:“他一个人赢了,我们都在说他真厉害。

中戸川仁补充说:“大隅良典从来不忽视任何细节,哪怕是在最普通的实验中。 “他做研究不追求结果的实用性,不追求一定要取得重大突破,不追求这项研究结果是否能带来更多的资金。 他只是跟随着他的好奇心做实验。”

原始出处:
Van Noorden R, Ledford H.Medicine Nobel for research on how cells 'eat themselves'.Nature. 2016 Oct 6;538(7623):18-19. doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20721.

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    2018-05-06 liye789132251
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    2017-10-04 sunfeifeiyang

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    2017-10-03 wumeihua90
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    2017-10-01 lovetcm

    今年诺贝尔奖会花落谁家呢

    0

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    2017-10-01 小小瑞

    兴趣才是**的动力.而非利益

    0

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    2017-10-01 小铭的皮普

    兴趣爱好是驱动力在中国能否又这样的驱动力

    0

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13日,一则“中国水电拿下工程界‘诺贝尔奖’”的新闻刷爆网络。作为我国第二、世界第三大已建水电站工程——溪洛渡水电站,其因规模大、难度高,成为世界上最具代表性的水电工程之一。它不仅代表了全球大坝智能化建设的最高水准,更向世界展示了中国水电建设强劲的创新实力。因此,溪洛渡水电站毫无争议的获得素有国际工程咨询领域“诺贝尔奖”之称的“菲迪克2016年工程项目杰出奖”。

诺奖得主马歇尔:幽门螺杆菌患者不必分餐,警惕抗生素耐药性

他是2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主;他提出了“幽门螺杆菌是大多数胃溃疡和胃炎的成因”这一学说;他为了验证其学说的科学性曾在1982年亲自喝下了试管里的幽门螺杆菌,不惜患上胃溃疡而后使用抗生素治愈。他,是“幽门螺杆菌之父”巴里·马歇尔教授。如今,上海市民在家门口就能让这位来自澳大利亚的专家为自己看诊。6月13日上午8时许,位于浦东即墨路的同济大学附属上海东方医院本部三楼特需门诊门口人头攒动,

给青年创新以自由——6位诺奖得主,10余位院士,2000余位代表谈创新

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