Plos Biology:灵长类在免疫缺陷病毒前的挣扎

2015-06-23 佚名 生物谷

当病毒感染人体细胞时,并不是病毒的所有部分都进入了细胞内部。往往在细胞表面会存在着一小段来自于病毒蛋白质的多肽。这些多肽通常会被人体细胞的组织相容性复合物(MHC)结合在细胞表面,而将有体外微生物入侵的信息传递给T淋巴细胞,接着就是这些被入侵的细胞会被标记然后被免疫系统清除。 人体的细胞和病毒间往往存在着生死博弈,因为病毒在一直在不断快速进化。作为人体天然抗病毒免疫的第一道防线,这些MHC蛋白想

当病毒感染人体细胞时,并不是病毒的所有部分都进入了细胞内部。往往在细胞表面会存在着一小段来自于病毒蛋白质的多肽。这些多肽通常会被人体细胞的组织相容性复合物(MHC)结合在细胞表面,而将有体外微生物入侵的信息传递给T淋巴细胞,接着就是这些被入侵的细胞会被标记然后被免疫系统清除。

人体的细胞和病毒间往往存在着生死博弈,因为病毒在一直在不断快速进化。作为人体天然抗病毒免疫的第一道防线,这些MHC蛋白想要结合到入侵病毒的多肽,也需要保持其基因的持续进化,以应对不断进化着的病毒。这个快速进化的特性,导致了在同一个物种的不同个体间,组织相容性复合物MHC也存在着很大差异。而自然界也似乎更青睐那些有着很高的MHC多态性的群体。

人类获得性免疫缺陷病毒HIV就是参与了这样攻防战的病毒之一。人类的HLA-B基因是一型MHC家族的一份子,也存在着上千种不同的变种。而其中一种特别的变种HLA-B*57:01与低HIV感染率有关。其中的一个原因就是HIV的Gap蛋白的一段多肽可以很好地结合到这个基因翻译的蛋白上,而被呈递到T淋巴细胞。在携带着这种特殊基因的HIV感染者身上,HIV病毒一直在持续进化着,试图减少与MHC蛋白的结合,进而躲避免疫系统的清除,而代价就是病毒的复制能力下降。

实际上人类遭遇HIV也就是近几十年的事情。早在一个世纪之前,HIV就跨越了种际传染障碍,可以感染人类,只是那时流行程度很低。短短几十年,人类的HLA-B和病毒也在共同进化着。

发表在Plos Biology的题为Chimps, Humans, and the Hominid Struggle against Viruses的文章,阐述了类人猿和免疫缺陷病毒的协同进化。Emily Wroblewski和她的同事们,在非洲贡贝国家公园研究了坦桑尼亚大猩猩。他们采集了三个大猩猩群体的DNA样本,并分析了他们的MHC家族基因信息。在大猩猩群体中,也存在着一种也HIV类似的类人猿免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)。而在贡贝国家公园的大猩猩群体却有很低的感染率。然后他们分析了大猩猩携带的Patr-B基因(和HLA-B类似),发现了Patr-B的一个变种Patr-B*06:03,和人类的HLA-B*57:01类似,对SIV存在着抗性。这两种特殊基因的蛋白产物在病毒多肽结合区都有类似的适应性进化,变得更加利于丝氨酸和苏氨酸的结合。

这个证据表明了,虽然HIV和SIV的分化只是很近的历史事件,这种MHC家族的近似性表明了,在进化进程中,类人猿可能与这一类的病毒斗争了几百万年之久。

原始出处:

Roland G. Roberts.Chimps, Humans, and the Hominid Struggle against Viruses.PLOS Biology, May 28, 2015; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002145

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    2016-04-14 lg.zhao
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    2015-08-09 sunylz
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677293, encodeId=369f16e72938b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c78f66948bf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#灵长类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66948, encryptionId=c78f66948bf, topicName=灵长类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e7d127484183, createdName=lg.zhao, createdTime=Thu Apr 14 05:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1766946, encodeId=d7311e669467f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f5343e2f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3437, encryptionId=64f5343e2f, topicName=Biol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=446937890434, createdName=12498ebem31暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 19:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1917165, encodeId=3c5a191e16588, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 19:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1992318, encodeId=dfa7199231805, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=71df2914104' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫缺陷病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29141, encryptionId=71df2914104, topicName=免疫缺陷病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1ac22500003, createdName=1249842em09(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Oct 18 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29434, encodeId=10ac29434b6, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 06:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29145, encodeId=f7872914569, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 22:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1488950, encodeId=8723148895022, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7df32913871' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫缺陷#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29138, encryptionId=7df32913871, topicName=免疫缺陷)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=631b8488299, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 00:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-26 stupidox

    有趣

    0

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    2015-06-25 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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  人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)的兄弟-猴免疫缺陷病毒(simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV)出现的时间,要比原先认为的几千年要早,可能有上万年的。由于SIV不会在猴子身上造成艾滋病,科学家原本假定HIV经过几个世纪也会毒性减弱,不过来看时间恐怕要更久。   美国新奥尔良杜兰大学的病毒学家Preston