CA Cancer J Clin:高水平体力活动显著改善结直肠癌患者生存期

2013-03-07 shumufeng DXY

日前,一项分析显示结直肠癌女性患者于诊断前后从事娱乐式体力活动(physical activity) 可显著改善生存(Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:1939-1948)。“目前,我们已经有充足的理由说服患者加强锻炼,但这篇文章告诉我们强调患者于诊断后保持体力活动的重要性,”通信作者Amanda Phipps博士说,他是华盛顿西雅图Fred Hutchinson癌症研

日前,一项分析显示结直肠癌女性患者于诊断前后从事娱乐式体力活动(physical activity) 可显著改善生存(Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:1939-1948)。“目前,我们已经有充足的理由说服患者加强锻炼,但这篇文章告诉我们强调患者于诊断后保持体力活动的重要性,”通信作者Amanda Phipps博士说,他是华盛顿西雅图Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心公共卫生科学部的在职科学家。

研究数据来源于妇女健康倡议(WHI)研究,文章作者研究了绝经后结直肠癌女性患者的体重指数(BMI),娱乐性体力活动(诊断前和诊断后),与生存期之间的关系。WHI研究纳入了161 808女性,旨在研究绝经后女性发病率和死亡率的主要原因。在这些女性中,有1339例在研究期间发展为结直肠癌,并适于对其分析诊断前体力活动和BMI与患者生存之间的关系。总共有2093例结直肠癌女性入组,排除了那些远端转移患者、初始BMI指数非常低的患者、以及有癌症个人史的患者(除非黑色素瘤皮肤癌)。

患者入组时,通过自我调查得到患者的人口数据和医疗及家族史信息。分别在基线时以及第3年随访和第6年随访时由受试者完成一项经验证的问卷以评估娱乐式体力活动。基线时测定受试者的身高、体重,并在其后时间里由患者自我报告上述数据。“这一研究的独特之处在于它的入选人群的特征。我们对WHI的受试者在相当一段时间内都进行了了解。” Phipps博士说。

体力活动与结局相关,而非BMI

受试者被分为不同的体力活动组:0代谢当量(MET)小时/周,0至2.9 MET小时/周,3至8.9 MET小时/周,9到17.9 MET小时/周,18至更多MET小时/周。9 MET小时/周娱乐式体力活动水平相当于3小时的中等强度的运动。Kaplan-Meier曲线揭示了全因素死亡率具有显著性组间差异,但癌症特异性死亡率并无显著性组间差异。

在多变量分析中发现,与无体力活动的女性患者相比,诊断前保持至少18 MET小时/周的体力活动水平的女性患者结直肠癌特异性死亡率(降低32%)及全因死亡率(降低37%)显著性降低。分析变量包括患者年龄、肿瘤分期、种族、教育水平、酒精摄入、吸烟、以及激素代替治疗的使用等。研究发现,更高运动水平组中具有正常BMI指数(正常定义为18.5 kg/m2-24.9 kg/m2)的患者死亡率降低更加显著。与不运动患者相比,运动水平位于9 到17.9 MET小时/周的女性患者结直肠癌特异性死亡率(下降26%)及全因死亡率(下降23%)均有下降。BMI与死亡率间未见显著性相关。

最后,共有606例女性适宜进行诊断后活动水平分析(被排除的患者特征包括:数据漏失、随访6年后得到会诊诊断、诊断后治疗1年内死亡、BMI指数非常低[低于18.5 kg/m2])。研究发现,活动水平的增加与癌症特异性死亡率和全因死亡率下降之间存在显著性相关。与不活动女性患者相比,活动水平至少为18 MET小时/周的女性患者结直肠癌特异性死亡率下降71%,全因死亡率下降59%。与诊断前结果相比,BMI指数与死亡率无关。Phipps博士解释说,BMI指数与死亡率之间并不存在相关,至少部分原因在于BMI指数的测定是在受试者进入WHI研究的基线时进行的,而基线BMI测定与结直肠癌诊断的中位时间差为5.8年。

此外,Dana-Farber 肿瘤研究所胃肠肿瘤学家,波士顿哈佛大学医学院助理教授Jeffrey Meyerhardt博士补充道:“研究者认为BMI > 300 mg/m2即为偏上水平,然而,既往研究证实BMI > 35 kg/m2的患者结直肠癌复发率和死亡率均有增加。可能对于结直肠癌来说,肥胖与结局相关。”(J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1647-1654).

作者提到的这一研究的出色之处包括分析中应用了大样本容量、前瞻性设计、由有经验的医护人员测量患者的BMI指数、多变量协同变化分析等。本文的局限之处在于癌症治疗数据的缺乏、一些患者治疗3年后其体力活动和体重均为自我报告、随访期BMI数据的缺乏或体力活动测量(因此诊断后分析中可能引入选择偏差),由于有限的样本容量而未对结肠癌VS直肠癌作分离分析。

“需要着重指出的是,这是一项观察性研究。很可能存在这样的情况,那些运动量不足的患者多是一些总体病患严重的患者,或者说活动水平是健康生活方式的标志,它包括一些可能影响到死亡率的其他因子,” Phipps博士说。加拿大国家癌症研究中心的一项随机对照试验正在进行之中,旨在对2期或3期结直肠癌患者辅助治疗后例行指导体力活动和行为支持对患者无病生存期的有效性作出评估。对照组患者给予全部营养和活动的相关信息,但未对其活动给予监督指导(Current Oncol. 2008;15:279-285)。

研究相关的其他问题

未来的研究应对可改善疾病结局的活动类型和活动强度的更多细节作出阐释,以及如何达到最佳改善患者的活动水平。“我们使用MET小时/周作为我们研究中活动的度量单位,但相同水平MET小时/周的活动量可能包括高强度、短时间或低强度、长时间的运动,” Phipps博士说。然后,Meyerhardt补充道:“检测与该文章中提到的不同的分子标志物的相互作用,对于更好地理解体力活动与疾病结局之间的生物学关联意义重大。”

Meyerhardt博士指出,探索结直肠癌患者疾病结局方面体力活动与肥胖症之间关系的研究仍然较为有限。“这篇文章对于促进能量平衡影响结直肠癌生存结局的研究助力甚大,”他说。“十年前,关于这一课题的研究非常有限,而关于体力活动的研究几乎等于零。”


Higher levels of physical activity significantly increase survival in women with colorectal cancer

A recent analysis shows that women with colorectal cancer who engage in recreational physical activity before and after their diagnosis have significantly better survival (Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:1939-1948). “We already have many good reasons to ask patients to exercise, but this article gives us another reason to emphasize being active, and staying active, after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer,” says corresponding author Amanda Phipps, PhD, staff scientist in the public health sciences division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington.

Using data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study, the authors investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI), recreational (both pre- and postdiagnosis) activity, and survival in postmenopausal women with colorectal cancer. The WHI is a study involving 161,808 women that was designed to investigate major causes of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. Of these women, 1339 who developed colorectal cancer during the study were eligible for an analysis of associations between prediagnostic physical activity and BMI and survival. Altogether, 2093 women developed colorectal cancer, but exclusions included those with distant disease, a very low initial BMI, and a personal history of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer) prior to study enrollment.

At the time of enrollment, demographic data and medical and family history were obtained through self-administered questionnaires. A validated questionnaire that assessed recreational physical activity was completed by participants at baseline, as well as at 3-year and 6-year follow-up visits. Height and weight were measured at baseline, and were self-reported in subsequent years. “A unique aspect of this study is that the population is well characterized. We know a lot about the WHI participants over an extended period of time,” says Dr. Phipps.

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