手把手教你识别,尿路感染与狼疮肾炎的区别

2021-09-06 觅健华嫱 SLE互助圈

蝶友小刘是某互联网公司的产品经理,因工作忙碌养成了长时间憋尿的习惯。去年夏天,小刘正在加班时突然身体出现了阵发性的下腹胀痛,同时伴有尿频尿急的症状,于是小刘急忙请假去医院做了检查。

蝶友小刘是某互联网公司的产品经理,因工作忙碌养成了长时间憋尿的习惯。去年夏天,小刘正在加班时突然身体出现了阵发性的下腹胀痛,同时伴有尿频尿急的症状,于是小刘急忙请假去医院做了检查。

检查后小刘发现报告单上写着「尿蛋白弱阳性」,小刘不解,于是咨询医生,结果医生在看完报告单后告知小刘,她患上了「尿路感染」。

小刘紧张道:难道是狼疮疾病加重了吗?!

 

一、尿路感染为何对狼疮女性情有独钟?

尿路感染又称泌尿系统感染,是红斑狼疮患者最常见的感染类型之一,仅次于呼吸系统感染[1]。主要是指,由于病原微生物在肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和尿道异常繁殖导致的急性或慢性炎症。

其中,红斑狼疮女性又是尿路感染的高发人群[2]。通过查阅资料我们发现,导致狼疮女性较常人高发尿路感染主要有3大原因

1、药物治疗因素

一项研究表示,33例发生尿路感染的红斑狼疮患者中,全部接受过长期糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂治疗,疗程超过2年者31例(93.9%),疗程超过3年者30例(91.9%)。

由此看出,正是由于红斑狼疮患者长期接受激素、免疫抑制剂治疗,使机体免疫功能低下,导致其感染的发生率明显升高[3]。

2、留置导尿管因素

在一项研究留置导尿管是否会引发尿路感染的研究中发现,38例留置导尿管的红斑狼疮患者,其中发生尿路感染者就有18例(47.4%)。这表明,留置导尿管是导致红斑狼疮患者尿路感染发生率显著升高的一大因素[4]。

3、身体结构因素

狼疮女性更容易被尿路感染盯上的其中一个重要原因,主要与女性尿道结构特点有关。

由于女性的尿道和阴道短而直,离肛门比较近,这种生理结构就为尿路感染创造了“得天独厚”的环境,导致女性更容易被粪便或阴道分泌物所污染,加上狼疮女性长期接受免疫抑制剂药物和激素治疗,削弱了机体对细菌感染的抵抗力,这也是狼疮女性容易发生尿路感染的一个重要原因[4]。

由此可见,刘女士确诊为尿路感染并不是偶然事件,而是蓄谋已久。

二、傻傻分不清:尿路感染or狼疮肾炎?

在上述刘女士的案例中,细心的觅友可能会注意到一个细节,就是刘女士的报告单上的「尿蛋白弱阳性」。要知道,在狼疮肾炎的诊断中,尿蛋白也是其中一个重要的诊断依据,狼疮性肾炎患者一般都会表现出尿蛋白升高。狼肾是狼疮疾病活动累及肾脏的临床表现,标志狼疮病情加重甚至有复发的危险,这也是刘女士怀疑狼疮病情加重的重要原因。

那么问题来了:尿路感染和肾炎的症状有何区别?为了区分两类疾病,临床上具体都会做哪些检查呢?

1、尿路感染

尿路感染后,患者一般会出现尿痛、尿频、尿急以及腰痛、下腹部疼痛等症状。检查方面,一般医生都会先依据患者症状,再进行体格检查、实验室和影像学检查。

一番操作后,医生如果在检查单上发现患者符合下述指标之一,则被诊断为尿路感染:

1、新鲜中段尿沉渣革兰染色后用油镜观察,细菌>1个/视野

2、新鲜中段尿细菌培养计数≥105 CFU/ml;

3、膀胱穿刺的尿培养阳性[5]。

2、狼疮肾炎

狼疮肾炎的症状和尿路感染症状有些相似,不过相比一般的尿路感染,狼疮肾炎的症状还要更严重和复杂。比如,轻微患者可能仅有少量蛋白尿或血尿症状,而重者则可能出现肾病综合征,或快速进展性肾小球肾炎[6]。

除此之外,患者还常表现出不明原因的血压增高、贫血、水肿、皮肤瘙痒、牙龈出血、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腰酸、腰痛等症状。

诊断和检查方面,狼疮肾炎也比尿路感染更为复杂和严谨。比如,怀疑有狼疮肾炎的红斑狼疮患者,必需要进行「肾活检」病理检查[7]。

此外,出现活检时机为尿蛋白定量>0.5g/L 或无法用其他原因解释的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)降低,才可诊断为狼疮肾炎[7]。

三、尿路感染会引发肾炎吗?

尿路感染和狼疮肾炎,两种看似不相关的疾病,然而实际上却大有联系。

肾脏是红斑狼疮最容易受累的脏器,多项研究发现,合并狼疮肾炎的红斑狼疮患者,尿路感染的发生率也明显升高[8]。

此外,还有研究发现,当狼疮患者合并尿路感染后,最终诱发肾炎的风险也比较大。而且当尿路感染合并狼疮性肾炎后,可使原来的肾功能损害加重,加速病情进展,并影响激素疗效[9]。

由此可见,当没有得到及时治疗的尿路感染演变为复杂性尿路感染时,可累及肾脏,容易出现肾脏并发症。因此,蝶友们需要对尿路感染这个看似小而常见的并发症重视起来,及时进行治疗。

四、尿路感染怎么办?治与防两手抓!

治:

红斑狼疮一旦确诊为合并尿路感染后,首先医生会先检查确定是哪个细菌引起的感染,或者细菌对哪个抗菌素敏感,对哪个抗菌素耐药。明确上述问题后,医生会根据患者病症开出足量、足疗程的抗菌素进行治疗。

由于尿路感染的致病菌以大肠杆菌最为肠菌,所以一般经验用药会选择左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、复方新诺明、头孢他啶等药物进行治疗。具体医生会更具尿培养及药敏结果、检查结果调整用药。

注意:一旦患上尿路感染后,治疗期间一定要严格遵从医嘱坚持用药疗程,千万不要随意停药,以免细菌死灰复燃。

防:

尿路感染后易反复发作,而且患上后还容易引发狼疮肾炎。要想避免尿路感染,建议日常应做好适当的防护:

1、多饮水,清淡饮食

尽可能多喝水多排尿,大约2~3小时需排尿一次,可稀释尿液和清除尿中的细菌,降低尿路感染的风险。同时,饮食上应多加注意,忌辛辣、油腻食物以及烟、酒、浓茶,多食水果蔬菜。

2、保持私处清洁

患者应注意外阴清洁,养成定时清洗、勤换内裤等习惯。同时,小便后应使用卫生纸擦拭外阴,建议遵循从前往后的顺序擦拭。此外还应注意会阴部的清洁,以减少尿道口的细菌滋生[10]。

3、合理使用抗生素药物

不同抗生素的治疗剂量及用法不同,建议依照说明书,或遵照医嘱用药。如果使用抗生素治疗过程中,出现症状迅速恶化或显著加重,需及时告知医生并进行治疗。

4、定期体检

尿路感染有时并不像呼吸道感染和消化道感染那样症状明显,其症状可呈隐匿性表现,比如可无尿频、尿急、尿痛等尿路感染症状,有的仅表现为乏力、低热,表现[2]。所以,有时难以判断是合并感染还是狼疮活动。

因此建议红斑狼疮患者,应定期做尿常规,特别是在应用激素后,或者伴有肾功能损害以及肾病综合征的患者,更应警惕尿路感染的发生。

结语

如果红斑狼疮患者合并尿路感染时不能被及时发现,很容易诱发或者加重狼疮性肾病进展,影响预后。因此,早发现、早诊断、积极治疗尿路感染是防止肾功能恶化的一个重要方面。

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    2022-02-22 gqylhd

    很好的健教

    0

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    2021-09-08 villahu
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1196013, encodeId=032a1196013b7, content=很好的健教, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3c31528806, createdName=gqylhd, createdTime=Tue Feb 22 11:34:01 CST 2022, time=2022-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1332954, encodeId=28c3133295412, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d17c68153ab' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#狼疮肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68153, encryptionId=d17c68153ab, topicName=狼疮肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55683, createdName=仁医06, createdTime=Wed Sep 08 01:20:51 CST 2021, time=2021-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387453, encodeId=6b60138e453ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a3a6814425' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#狼疮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68144, encryptionId=8a3a6814425, topicName=狼疮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a6e2500005, createdName=sunrural_42825357, createdTime=Wed Sep 08 01:20:51 CST 2021, time=2021-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1532298, encodeId=f2fa1532298d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b5825e4aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82574, encryptionId=10b5825e4aa, topicName=肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84df12331144, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Wed Sep 08 01:20:51 CST 2021, time=2021-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1015045, encodeId=81bc1015045f9, content=学习了,很清楚明白, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=f18f5534538, createdName=twelven-zs, createdTime=Mon Sep 06 13:34:25 CST 2021, time=2021-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-09-06 twelven-zs

    学习了,很清楚明白

    0