手术室工作人员职业暴露后的处理

2016-09-26 MedSci MedSci原创

医务人员因职业关系,接触致病因子的频率高于普通人群。长期以来,医院感染控制主要是针对病人,而对医务人员因职业暴露而感染血源性传染疾病的情况关注甚少。我国目前人口中乙型肝炎总感染率高达60%左右,乙型肝炎病毒携带者已有1.3亿,艾滋病的流行在我国也已经进人快速增长期,艾滋病病人已出现猛增趋势。国内学者调查发现,临床医务人员HBV、HCV、HGV等肝炎总感染率为33.3%,明显高于普通人群(12.3%

医务人员因职业关系,接触致病因子的频率高于普通人群。长期以来,医院感染控制主要是针对病人,而对医务人员因职业暴露而感染血源性传染疾病的情况关注甚少。我国目前人口中乙型肝炎总感染率高达60%左右,乙型肝炎病毒携带者已有1.3亿,艾滋病的流行在我国也已经进人快速增长期,艾滋病病人已出现猛增趋势。国内学者调查发现,临床医务人员HBV、HCV、HGV等肝炎总感染率为33.3%,明显高于普通人群(12.3%)。医务人员正面临着严峻的职业暴露的危险,因此,手术室工作人员明确血源性传染病职业暴露的防护与处理程序尤为重要。

1 医务人员血源性传染病职业暴露的定义

医务人员在从事诊疗、护理、医疗垃圾清运等工作过程中意外被血源性传染病感染者或携带者的血液、体液污染了破损的皮肤或黏膜,或被含有血源性传染病的血液、体液污染了的针头及其他锐器刺破皮肤,还包括被这类病人抓伤、咬伤等,有可能被血源性传染病感染的事件称为血源性传染病职业暴露。

2 护士感染血源性传播疾病的职业危害

1.病人血液中会有致病因子,是造成医务人员感染血源性传播疾病的先决条件,医务人员经常接触病人的血液、体液等,职业暴露后感染的几率较常人高。血源性致病因子对医务人员的传染常发生于锐器和针刺损伤皮肤黏膜或破损皮肤接触等方式传播,多发生于护士,其次是检验科人员及医生。

2.长时间从事采血、急救工作以及妇科、产科、血液科的操作,接触病人血液、体液的机会大大增加,接触血量越大,时间越长,机体获得致病因子的量越大。医疗、护理活动中一切可能接触血液、体液的操作,包括注射、采血、输血、手术、内镜、透析及病人各类标本的采集、传递、检验及废弃处理过程均可造成职业性感染。综合不同国家或地区的研究资料,医务人员因针刺或损伤、接触受污染的血,感染乙肝的危险性为2%~40%,感染丙肝的危险性为3%~10%。护理职业暴露感染HBV的危险性明显高于HCV、HIV。

3 医务人员血源性传染病职业暴露的防护

1.防护重点是避免与病人或携带者的血液和体液直接接触。

2.加强对医务人员防范意识的宣传教育,树立良好的消毒灭菌观念。

3.医务人员应遵守标准预防的原则,视所有病人的血液、体液及被血液和体液污染的物品为具有传染性的物质,在操作过程中,必须严格执行正确的操作程序,并采取适当的防护措施。

4.医务人员在接触病人前后必须洗手,接触任何含病原体的物质时,应采取适当的防护措施:

(1) 进行有可能接触病人血液、体液的操作时,必须戴手套,操作完毕,脱去手套立即洗手,必要时进行手消毒。

(2) 在操作过程中病人的血液、体液可能溅起时,须戴手套、防渗透的口罩、护目镜;在操作时若其血液、体液可能发生大面积飞溅或可能污染医务人员身体时,还必须穿防渗透隔离衣或围裙,以提供有效的保护。

(3) 建议工作人员暴露部位如有伤口、皮炎等应避免参与血源性传染病如艾滋病、乙肝等感染者的护理工作,也不要接触污染的仪器设备。

(4) 医务人员在进行侵袭性操作过程中,应保证充足的光线,注意规范的操作程序,防止发生意外针刺伤事件。

5.污染的针头和其他一次性锐器用后立即放入耐刺、防渗透的利器盒或进行安全处置。

6.摒弃将双手回套针帽的操作方法,如需回套,建议单手回套法。禁止用手直接接触使用后的针头、刀片等锐器。禁止拿着污染的锐器在工作场所走动,避免意外刺伤他人或自伤。

4 应急处理程序

1.立即在伤口旁轻轻挤压,尽可能挤出损伤处的血液,再用肥皂液和流动水冲洗伤口后用0.5%碘伏进行消毒,如果是黏膜损伤则用流动水和生理盐水冲洗。

2.当事医务人员认真填写本单位的《医疗锐器伤登记表》,其内容应包括:发生的时间、地点、经过、具体部位和损伤的情况等,同时进行相关检查的处理。

3.医务人员发生意外事件后应在24~48 h内完成自身和接触病人血清的HIV和HBsAg相关检查,血清学随访时间为1年,同时根据情况进行相应处理。

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    2016-10-30 ylzr123

    手术室工作人员明确血源性传染病职业暴露的防护与处理程序尤为重要。好文,值得推荐。

    0

  3. 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likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 14:29:30 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135904, encodeId=d8cf135904a5, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:49 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135903, encodeId=250a13590353, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-09 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

  4. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-04 Carlos007

    急診科的醫師要注意!

    0

  5. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-04 Carlos007

    之前有一次接觸乙肝患者?其實很害怕的

    0

  6. 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likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 14:29:30 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135904, encodeId=d8cf135904a5, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:49 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135903, encodeId=250a13590353, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-28 邓启付

    对医务人员因职业暴露而感染血源性传染疾病的情况关注甚少。

    0

  7. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-27 医路开来

    谢谢分享,,,

    0

  8. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-27 医路开来

    学习啦,,

    0

  9. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 13:46:43 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-27 知难而进

    继续关注

    0

  10. 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    2016-09-27 知难而进

    谢谢分享!

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