NEJM:突破!基因突变在出生前就能得到治疗

2018-04-29 佚名 药明康德

近日,《新英格兰医学杂志》发表的一篇论文显示,这种蛋白针对 3 个孩子的小范围治疗获得了充满希望的结果,不仅使其他携带这种基因突变的孩子重燃希望,还打开了在子宫内用药治疗遗传性疾病的可能性。

看到孩子的第一眼,Sarah Yaroch 女士就觉得不妙。她的父亲和侄子都患有某种疾病,现在她在自己刚出生的儿子 Andrew 身上也看到了蛛丝马迹:Andrew 没有眉毛,没有头发,皮肤看起来苍白。基因突变使他在子宫里发育时缺少特定的蛋白质,导致身体不能发育出正常的汗腺、牙齿和其他器官。

两周后,医生们将一种实验性的蛋白质注入 Andrew 细小的静脉里。希望在分娩后输入这种分子可以补偿怀孕期间失去的东西。

两年后,在 2016 年,这项临床试验突然停止了——数据显示这种疗法没有起作用。随后研究这种分子的两家公司都停止了业务,像 Andrew 这样的新生患儿家庭对这种疾病无计可施。

但现在,研究人员突然传出好消息,宣布已经找到使这种蛋白分子起作用的方法。答案很简单: 在怀孕期间把药物注射到羊水中。

近日,《新英格兰医学杂志》发表的一篇论文显示,这种蛋白针对 3 个孩子的小范围治疗获得了充满希望的结果,不仅使其他携带这种基因突变的孩子重燃希望,还打开了在子宫内用药治疗遗传性疾病的可能性。

搁浅

这种罕见的疾病被称为 x - 内分泌性下垂皮肤发育不良,简称 XLHED,全世界每 17000 人中就有 1 人受到影响。最严重的患者会没有汗腺,随时可能因为无法排热而产生生命危险。

2008 年,波士顿 Third Rock Ventures 的遗传学家 Philip Reilly 博士偶然发现了一篇引人注目的论文,研究人员给新生小狗注射一种名为 ED1200 蛋白质,纠正了由基因突变引起的问题。但是,发明这种蛋白质的欧洲研究人员在研究中遇到困难,项目被搁置。于是,这家来自美国的生物技术公司投资支持继续将其转化到患者身上进行研究,这就是 Edimer 医药公司的雏形。

2016 年,Edimer 宣布针对 XLHED 新生儿的临床试验没有达到预期。在试验中,患儿出生后不久接受 ED1200 蛋白质治疗,结果显示症状得到适度改善。然而,没有看到汗腺功能、牙齿和其他早期标志物的显着变化。试验因失败而终止。

转机

2015 年 12 月,德国儿科学 Holm Schneider 教授接到 Corinna 女士的电话,她有一个患有 XLHED 的儿子,当时她又怀孕 14 周了。她怀疑胎儿也会受到疾病影响,特地向 Schneider 教授寻求帮助。

德国的 Schneider 教授是该临床试验的初期主要研究人员之一,当时正在测试这种药物在新生儿上的试验,结果并不乐观——服用了这种药物的婴儿仍不会出汗。他认为失败的原因是出生后给药已经太迟,因而不能影响汗腺和其他关键标志物的发育。如果在子宫内注射,也许会有更好的结果。



▲Holm Schneider 教授(图片来源:By Isander87, from Wikimedia Commons)

Schneider 教授希望尽快开展临床试验,但他知道监管机构和伦理委员会很难通过在胎儿和新生儿身上进行人体研究的方案。当蛋白质被注入到怀孕小鼠的血液和羊水中时,基因异常得到了纠正。但是,立刻在人类身上重复同样的实验是不可能的。所以,他和团队首先在携带这种基因突变的成年人身上证实了药物的安全性。

接下来到了艰难的部分。毕竟老鼠和狗在子宫中的发育情况与人类差别很大。在国家皮肤异常障碍基金会(National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias)等患者群体的帮助下,他们开始寻找携带这种基因突变的孕妇,了解她们是否愿意让孩子在出生后立即接受治疗。

接到电话之后,Schneider 教授只能承诺 Corinna 女士到怀孕的第 22 周,就可以通过超声波诊断婴儿是否有 XLHED。很不幸,结果是阳性的。

几个星期之后,他们共同做出了一个决定:将上次临床试验结束后剩下的药物注射到 Corinna 怀孕的腹部。在怀孕的第 26 周,医生抽了一点羊水,并注射了一些药物。间隔几个星期后,又给了一次药,然后 Linus 和 Maarten 通过剖宫产提前出生了,是对双胞胎!

奇迹

在刚出生的双胞胎的额头和鼻子上,明显能看到汗水。通过显微镜检查,他们脚底的汗腺数量正常!不像他们生病的哥哥 Joshua。

如果说这些测试都只是针对某些身体部位,不能说明全部问题。出生的那个夏天,当父母亲看到这对双胞胎男孩的汗水浸湿了汽车座椅,他们才对这种治疗的效果感到非常兴奋!他们拍了一张照片寄给了 Schneider 教授。Corinna 女士回忆说:“全力拯救出汗能力——真是太棒了,简直难以置信。”

另一个 XLHED 儿童的家庭听说了这个实验,也向 Schneider 教授询问能否接受同样的治疗。教授同意了,尽管他实验室的冰箱里只剩下一剂量的药物。那个婴儿出生后,他的汗腺有 9 个,比正常人少一些,但比他 2 岁的哥哥(只有 2 个)好一些。

未来

当初,在 Edimer 进行这种蛋白治疗新生儿的试验失败之后,投资者曾认为该药物值得继续研发。正是 Schneider 教授和团队的坚持不放弃,继续研究,才有了后来针对 2 个孕妇的治疗,最终改变了 3 个孩子的命运。Edimer 的 CEO Kirby 博士对这 3 个在出生前进行药物治疗而获得成功的病例感到十分激动。

现在,研究人员正计划在一个非营利基金会的帮助下进行更大规模的临床试验,这个基金会将接管药物的开发。这可能涉及一些新的难题,比如临床伦理问题——谁是患者?一名从基因学家转做投资的专家说:“你要找到那些没有怀孕的携带突变的孕妇,开发一种药物治疗那些还没有被怀上的患者。这真的很不一样。"

对于那些在孩子出生后才参加临床试验的父母来说,这项新研究结果也让他们感到欣慰。Yaroch 女士说:“这种药物对我的孩子不起作用,我并没有感到难过。相反,我很感激科学家仍在研究这个问题,因为如果试验就此终止,我的孙子们还可能患病,而且永远没有治愈方法。”

原始出处:

Holm Schneider, et al. Prenatal Correction of X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1604-1610. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714322.

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    学习了新知识

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    2018-05-02 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-29 易水河

    我觉得谈何容易

    0

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    2018-04-29 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2018-04-29 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-29 九九消寒

    优质资源.共同学习

    0

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Am J Hum Gene:7000年前的一次基因突变,竟影响了全球400多万人……

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