AI控制大脑植入物已完成初步人体试验

2017-11-30 黄珊 DeepTech深科技

随着神经科学近年来的快速发展,基于 AI 和神经科学的脑机接口成为了下一个投资风口,一批世界上最富有的投资者正把赌注押在神经科学和人工智能之间的相互作用。全球十几家公司,包括 Elon Musk 的旗下的创业公司 Neuralink,都在投资、研发能够“读取”人脑活动和将“神经信息”写入大脑的设备。 人们看到了脑机接口在人类精神、心理及身体行为上的巨大潜力,如今也迈出了通往脑机接口的重要一步——

随着神经科学近年来的快速发展,基于 AI 和神经科学的脑机接口成为了下一个投资风口,一批世界上最富有的投资者正把赌注押在神经科学和人工智能之间的相互作用。全球十几家公司,包括 Elon Musk 的旗下的创业公司 Neuralink,都在投资、研发能够“读取”人脑活动和将“神经信息”写入大脑的设备。

人们看到了脑机接口在人类精神、心理及身体行为上的巨大潜力,如今也迈出了通往脑机接口的重要一步——由 AI 控制的大脑植入物已完成初步的人体试验。


众所周知,美国神经科学学会(Society for Neuroscience,SfN)是世界上最大、最权威的神经科学组织,该非盈利性机构成立于 1969 年,目前在全球 90 多个国家拥有近 3.7 万名会员,在全球拥有 130 多个分会,而神经科学年会就是其举办的年度盛会,每年来自全球各地的科学家及外科医生集聚在华盛顿分享他们的最新研究及发现,这是世界神经科学领域规模最大,最有影响力的顶级会议

就在上周,2017年神经科学学会年会在美国华盛顿特区举办。本次年会中最引人瞩目是大会上公布的一系列研究。在这些研究中,来自不同研究机构的科学家们利用大脑植入设备检测情绪障碍引起的的异常状态,并通过AI算法释放电脉冲回击大脑,使大脑在没有医生介入的情况下恢复到健康状态,以达到控制受试者情绪及行为的效果,目前这些研究已完成了初步的人体试验

    SfN大会现场

来自加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)和南加州大学(University of Southern California,USC)的联合研究团队基于植入式电极系统,追踪并刺激大脑的活动,希望最终为患有抑郁症及创伤后应激障碍等情绪或精神疾病的军人及老兵提供治疗方案。

实际上,植入式电极系统在医疗上的应用并不罕见。在以往的研究中,医生对患有运动障碍(如帕金森)的患者,通过深部脑刺激(deep-brain stimulation)改变脑部的神经活动进而影响患者的肢体行动。当然,他们也将这种手段应用到情绪障碍的治疗中,但收效甚微。

对此,来自加州大学旧金山分校的团队负责人 Edward Chang 表示,他们充分的了解了目前技术的局限性,因此利用AI为精神疾病量身打造了开关系统,只有在需要时电极才进行刺激。该团队使用癫痫患者已经植入大脑的电极,记录间断的(以往的研究为持续性的刺激)刺激后神经的状态。

图 | Edward Chang

该项目的另外一部分则由来自南加州大学的研究团队完成,他们在 SfN 年会上展示了人类首张情绪地图”—— 即情绪是如何随着时间的推移在大脑中编码的。 

南加州大学的电子工程师 Omid Sani 和他的同事对 6 名植入了电极的癫痫病人展开了研究,他们记录了一到三周内 6 名患者的大脑活动及情绪变化的细节。通过对这两部分信息的对比,研究人员找到了解读人类情绪的“密码本”——一种解码情绪变化与大脑活动之间的算法,随后在之前研究的与情绪有关的大脑区域中得到了验证

目前, 南加州大学团队已经完成了部分人体闭环模拟实验,只要发现合适的志愿者,团队将展开新的单闭环系统测试。但由于项目刚刚起步,他们拒绝透露相关细节。

除此之外,来自波士顿的麻省总医院(Massachusetts General Hospital,MGH) 团队采取了不同的研究方法,相对于针对某种特定的情绪或精神疾病,他们将注意力放在多种疾病中共同存在的行为及相关的大脑活动,比如注意力分散或缺乏同情心等。

在 SfN 年会上,麻省总医院团队提出了一种新的算法:当一个人从事分散注意力的任务时,例如匹配数字图像或识别脸部情绪,可用该算法来刺激大脑。

麻省总医院研究人员发现,用电脉冲刺激参与决策和情绪生成的大脑区域,可以显著改善参与测试者的表现。他们还绘制了一个人因为健忘或分心而变得失落、减速的大脑活动,并发现可以通过刺激扭转其表现。目前,该团队已经开始测试使用特定模式的大脑活动来自动刺激大脑的算法。


脑机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)是指在人或者动物脑部与外部设备间创建的直接连接通路,分为单项脑机接口和双向脑机接口,用来完成脑与设备之间的信息交换,从入侵方式来看又可分为侵入式脑机接口、部分侵入式脑机接口以及非侵入式脑机接口。

上述的项目都与人类的精神及情绪障碍的疾病研究相关,来自南加州大学的 Dong Song 教授则是将电极植入运用在了记忆提升上。为了完成研究,Song 教授选取了 20 名已植入电极的癫痫患者,在关于记忆的测试中,这些电极可以记录受试者的大脑活动。

研究者在确定了最佳的记忆相关模式后,在随后的测试中利用电极刺激大脑。研究结果显示,这种刺激可以使短时记忆提高 15%,工作记忆提升 25%。而相对的,如果采取随机刺激,记忆状况则表现的更糟。

目前,我们正在编写可以提升记忆的‘神经代码’,而这是从未有过的,”Song 说到。一旦“编码”完成,这将意味着人类“升级”自身记忆将变成可能

然而,始终无法回避的是尖锐的伦理和道德争论。脑机接口的植入装置毫无疑问可以改善某些精神类疾病,但由此带来的问题难以估量,比如 AI 和脑机接口的运作很可能使患者对自我的情绪和行为控制产生怀疑。

同样,人类感官功能的增强,比如前文中的记忆提升,可能是对现有社会规则的一种破坏,引起公平问题及新的歧视。但对于一些患有阿尔兹海默症的患者来说,这种 AI 与神经科学的联合系统却可能为他们带来巨大的幸福感提升。

但无论哪种途径和目的,脑机接口的使用都是一种自我升级,基于利弊,你支持哪一方?

参考:

AI-controlled brain implants for mood disorders tested in people.

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    2017-12-03 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享!

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    2017-12-02 jiyangfei
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266327, encodeId=7ade26632e28, content=学习了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Dec 03 00:54:04 CST 2017, time=2017-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1490884, encodeId=aa3d14908849f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fb916268636' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#植入物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62686, encryptionId=fb916268636, topicName=植入物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38628846382, createdName=linagood, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 01:26:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1513633, encodeId=50e11513633de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c41924e0391' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人体试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24703, encryptionId=c41924e0391, topicName=人体试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d9ab10580029, createdName=ms5906905816781247, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 01:26:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1520428, encodeId=5202152042810, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a736264553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#植入#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62645, encryptionId=7a736264553, topicName=植入)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=832411313664, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 01:26:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265674, encodeId=34a92656e449, content=学习了.谢谢., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 13:03:44 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265663, encodeId=c37a265663f5, content=在医学领域.这真的是一个巨大的进步.但感性会提醒我也许有一天我连自己的想法都不能保有.甚至不知道到底是我自己的想法还是AI控制后的想法!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eopsSZ2rTiaicEtRzAP72y0fNpyt8Q32mRxMKuSfoIibUTmWn9iakiawqyblUKlyrnwNGe9eicuRc2aWCLg/132, createdBy=5de92114919, createdName=2401, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 12:53:56 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-30 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢.

    0

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    2017-11-30 2401

    在医学领域.这真的是一个巨大的进步.但感性会提醒我也许有一天我连自己的想法都不能保有.甚至不知道到底是我自己的想法还是AI控制后的想法!

    0

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