Nat Commun:抑制胡思乱想,科学家已找到大脑中相关化学物质

2017-11-07 佚名 生物探索

最近,科学家们发现了大脑记忆区域内能帮助我们抑制胡思乱想的主要化学成分,这有助于解释为什么患有如焦虑、创伤后应激障碍、抑郁症和精神分裂症等疾病的人当这些回路出错,经常会持续的奇怪想法。

有时我们会在脑海中浮现一些挥之不去的“负能量”念头——不愉快的记忆、想象或担忧。当这种情况发生时,这种想法可能被“收回”,使我们重新思考它。

剑桥大学的Michael Anderson教授解释道:“控制思想的能力对我们的健康至关重要。”当这种能力出问题,会导致一些精神疾病的最脆弱症状:侵入性记忆、幻觉、病理及持续性的忧虑。这些都是精神疾病的主要症状。

前额叶皮层在阻止思维方面起重要作用

大脑前部的一个区域被称为前额叶皮层,它在控制我们行为的方面起着关键作用,最近研究表明,在阻止我们思维的方面它也起着同样重要的作用。前额叶皮层充当主调节器,控制其他大脑区域——动作的运动皮层和记忆的海马体。

Anderson教授和Taylor Schmitz博士领导的科学家将此项研究发表在11月3日的Nature Communications上,由使用一个被称为“想/不想”的测试,确定了什么是让大脑前额叶皮层成功抑制我们思想的过程。

在这项任务中,参与者学会把一系列单词与一个不相关的配对词联系起来。在下一阶段,如果提示是绿色的时候,参与者被要求回忆相关的单词;或者如果提示是红色的话,要停止思考相关的配对词。

通过功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)和磁共振波谱的结合,研究者们能够观察到参与者试图抑制他们思维时大脑关键区域发生了什么。光谱学使研究人员能够测量大脑化学,而不仅仅是通常成像研究中所分析的大脑活动。

神经递质GABA能防止胡思乱想

Anderson教授、Schmitz博士和他们的同事们指出,抑制不需要的想法的能力依赖于一种神经传递素(允许神经细胞之间传递信息的大脑内化学物质)——GABA。GABA是大脑中主要的“抑制性”神经递质,通过一个神经细胞的释放可以抑制它所连接的、其他细胞的活动。研究小组发现,大脑中一个与记忆有关的关键区域——海马体中的GABA浓度能够预测人们阻止思索、防止胡思乱想和回忆的能力。

Anderson教授解释说:“令人兴奋的是,现在的研究让这变得非常具体。以前的研究集中在指挥中心——前额叶皮层,我们只能说‘大脑的这一部分起作用’。但现在我们可以说哪些神经递质可能是重要的,抑制不需要的想法与海马体内的细胞接收如何前额叶皮层的指令有关。”

研究人员发现,即使在健康的年轻成人样本中,海马中GABA较少的人也不能通过前额叶皮层抑制海马的活动,因此很难抑制不必要的想法。

精神疾病中幻觉的起因

这一发现可能回答了关于精神分裂症的一个由来已久的问题。研究表明,精神分裂症的人有“活动过度”的海马,这与幻觉有关。尸检研究表明,利用GABA的抑制性神经元在这些个体的海马中受损。这可能是前额叶皮层调节海马活动困难的原因,会出现海马体不能抑制错误的想法和记忆,可能表现为幻觉。

根据Schmitz博士的说法:“引起海马区过度活跃的环境和遗传影响可能是一系列紊乱的基础,而侵入性思维是一种常见的症状。”

事实上,有研究表明,海马的活性提高出现在更广阔的范围内:如创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和慢性抑郁症,这些都有病理性地无法控制思想的症状——如过度焦虑或沉思。

虽然这项研究没有研究任何立即治疗的方法,Anderson教授认为它可以提供一种新的方法来解决这些紊乱的侵入性思维。他说:“之前大部分的注意力都集中在改善前额叶皮层的功能上。但我们的研究表明,如果你能改善海马内的GABA活动,这可能有助于人们停止不需要的和侵扰性的想法。”

原始出处:

Taylor Schmitz,et al. Hippocampal GABA enables inhibitory control over unwanted thoughts. Nature Communications, 2017.

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    2018-06-10 liuli5079
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    2018-01-30 一叶知秋
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    2017-11-19 神功盖世

    胡思乱想的大脑机制

    0

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    2017-11-09 sunfeifeiyang

    胡思乱想的大脑机制

    0

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    2017-11-08 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-11-07 139200d971m

    胡思乱想是什么概念

    0

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    2017-11-07 中医痴

    不错的.学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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