位于生命两端:自闭症与阿尔茨海默氏症同待突破

2018-04-02 甘晓 中国科学报

4月2日是世界自闭症日。上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院发育行为儿童保健科主任李斐又将开始一周的诊疗工作。在所有儿童认知和行为问题中,自闭症是她最关注的一个


4月2日是世界自闭症日。上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院发育行为儿童保健科主任李斐又将开始一周的诊疗工作。在所有儿童认知和行为问题中,自闭症是她最关注的一个。

“缺乏社交和沟通技巧,感觉运动刻板重复,可能合并发育迟滞、智力障碍及焦虑症等精神疾病。”在接受《中国科学报》记者采访时,李斐掰起手指头细数自闭症儿童的问题,“他们中的大多数并不是所谓的‘来自星星的天才孩子’”。

38%的自闭症患儿不能独立生活,需终生照顾。智商结构不平衡的自闭症孩子并不具有超能力。该疾病给孩子、家庭带来了无尽的痛苦和沉重的负担。

近日,李斐和多位从事自闭症、阿尔茨海默氏症研究的青年学者在香山科学会议举办的首次青年学者论坛上相遇。学者们指出,对于生命两端的这两种疾病,应当尽快开展面向治疗的基础研究,早治疗、早干预的目标才能得以实现。

自闭症早期诊断存在困境

“自闭症?”许多因发育迟缓去医院就诊的儿童病历上,医生会写下这样的诊断。这个问号正反映出当前自闭症诊断的困境。

根据美国精神医学学会出版的最新版《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(DSM-5),自闭症诊断标准划分为三条,细分为“眼对眼的对视”“不能与同龄人交往”“言语发育完全不发育或延迟”“刻板重复的作态行为”等项目。这些基于行为症状和儿童发育水平的标准,对医师要求较高。

“一项对超过400名自闭症高危儿童的研究发现,由于儿童脑发育可塑性大,行为发展和表型不稳定,早期自闭症的表现尚具有不稳定性,常与发育迟缓及语言迟缓合并,增加了诊断难度。”李斐介绍说。

李斐担任此次香山科学会议的执行主席。她在会议上展示了其团队得到的相似结论,引起与会学者的共鸣。临床医生与科学家密切合作、不断推进基础研究,使自闭症早期诊断和识别更客观,成为与会者的共同期待。

来自生命另一端的启示

事实上,基础研究学者为寻找自闭症诊断的生物学指征开展了大量努力。

中科院深圳先进技术研究院脑认知与脑疾病研究所研究员李翔在对贫困地区的走访中被自闭症患儿和阿尔茨海默氏症老人的处境打动。“这两种位于生命两端的疾病给患者和家庭带来了极大痛苦和负担。”与《中国科学报》记者谈到这个问题时,李翔有些泪目。

李翔发现,这两种脑科学前沿的疾病具有相似的病理表现。“两者都有慢性炎症表征,脑部有不同程度的压力增高,消化系统有较大变动,肠道菌群类型具有某些特征等。”作为此次会议的执行主席,他在会议报告中指出。

当前,研究者已在阿尔茨海默氏症的精准诊疗上取得一定进展。例如,青岛大学附属青岛市立医院主任医师郁金泰带领课题组发现,β淀粉样蛋白42和tau蛋白是与阿尔茨海默氏症有关的生物标志物,通过PET影像呈现脑脊液中的这两种蛋白分布,能够早期诊断阿尔茨海默氏症。

同时,基于阿尔茨海默氏症患者出现的嗅觉障碍,中科院心理所周雯课题组开发了一套拥有自主知识产权、基于中国人群的嗅觉识别测验,有望在轻度认知障碍是否向阿尔茨海默氏症转化的预测中发挥作用。

与会学者认为,这些思路有望为自闭症精确诊断带来启示。

亟待基础研究支持

临床医生看来,要为自闭症找到明确生物学指征和有效诊治策略,需要进行详细的亚型分类。这也可能是自闭症基础研究从“相关性”病因学研究走向“因果性”治疗学研究的关键一步。

“自闭症患儿行为表现各异,不同异常行为可能只是表象,背后隐藏的是各自不同的病理机制,从而向行为干预提出了挑战。”李斐说。例如,研究显示,部分自闭症儿童存在极度挑食、偏食和食物谱狭窄现象。这可能和某些儿童嗅觉或者味觉感知异常有关,也可能和部分儿童脑—肠轴调控异常有关,甚至还可能和神经免疫调控异常、合并难治性食物过敏等有关。

阿尔茨海默氏症也面临类似的情况。今年2月,默沙东宣布针对阿尔茨海默氏症的新药Verubecestat临床试验失败,意味着以相关性病因学为导向的药物开发往往难以走出失败怪圈。

以整体观为思想基础的系统医学有望为诊治这两种神经疾病带来新思路。李翔课题组针对身体代谢和体液循环设计治疗途径,并尝试利用生物电及营养激活脑回路,取得一定功效。与会学者期待,在基础研究的支持下,这两大社会“焦点”疾病的诊治将迎来新机遇。

此外,据记者了解,自此次论坛起,香山科学会议单独设立青年学者论坛系列,旨在鼓励青年学者积极分享原创性科学观点,激发青年学者创新活力。

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