Nat Commun:对年轻癌症患者进行全基因组测序势在必行

2018-10-16 探索菌 生物探索

在最近的一项研究中,圣裘德儿童研究医院的科学家显示,将全基因组测序纳入临床基因组测试,可以在近一半的患者中发现更多的致癌基因突变。此举为临床基因组测试提供了一个新的黄金标准,并强调了将全基因组测序纳入儿科癌症患者临床测试和治疗的迫切需要。

在最近的一项研究中,圣裘德儿童研究医院的科学家显示,将全基因组测序纳入临床基因组测试,可以在近一半的患者中发现更多的致癌基因突变。此举为临床基因组测试提供了一个新的黄金标准,并强调了将全基因组测序纳入儿科癌症患者临床测试和治疗的迫切需要。

相关研究最近以“Clinical cancer genomic profiling by three-platform sequencing of whole genome,whole exome and transcriptome”为题发表在《Nature Communications》杂志。

这项试点研究包括78名患有各种癌症的儿童和青少年,他们在圣裘德接受了广泛的诊断测试。研究为临床基因组测试奠定了基础,现已提供给每一个新的圣裘德癌症患者,包括开发了一个临床管道,以便及时分析、验证和确定临床重要结果。

DNA是编码组装和维持生命指令的分子,而全基因组测序(WGS)包括确定构成人类DNA的30亿化学碱基的确切顺序。尽管全基因组测序提供了对患者正常基因组和癌症基因组差异最全面的评估,但该方法在临床上没有得到广泛应用,部分原因是测试结果的成本和及时性。

目前,下一代测序的临床测试通常包括对整个外显子和转录组更有限的测序的综合分析(也称为RNA测序)。其中,外显子是基因组中编码蛋白质组装指令的1%-2%的基因组;转录组识别正在表达的基因。

01、研究结果

这项研究比较了整合患者肿瘤和正常DNA的全基因组和全外显子测序(WES)以及肿瘤DNA的全转录组的临床测试结果,分析仅限于外显子和转录组的结果。测试在圣裘德临床诊断实验室进行。研究发现:

(1)在47%的患者中,包括全基因组测序在内的临床测试确定了已知或可能的致癌突变,而这些突变在仅用全外显子和全转录组测序的测试中未被发现;

(2)包括所有三种下一代测序方法(全基因组测序,全外显子测序以及全转录组测序)的测试检测到99%的已知或疑似致癌突变,相比之下,仅用全外显子和全转录组的测试检测到78%的突变。

“这真的显示了全基因组测序的价值,至少对于儿童癌症来说是如此,”作者之一Jinghui Zhang说。

导致和助长癌症的基因组变化差异很大。癌症突变包括遗传密码中的单碱基变化(点突变)、染色体重排和DNA片段的缺失或添加引起的结构变化。“不同的测序方法更有利于识别不同的改变,”Zhang认为,“全基因组测序是发现某些在儿童癌症中广泛存在的突变的最佳方法。”

通讯作者David W.Ellison补充道,“我们期望联合测序方法能够提供对儿童癌症基因改变的全面看法,这对于治疗决策至关重要,同时也能作为发现罕见儿童癌症基因基础的引擎。”

02、建立分析管道

在这项研究中,研究人员开发了一个分析管道来检测、比较和验证在全基因组、外显子组和转录组测序中发现的肿瘤和胚系基因的变异,以确认可能的致病变异。变异排名和临床重要性随后由一个具有生物信息学、遗传和临床专业知识的专家委员会进行审查,然后将研究结果报告给临床医生,并纳入患者的医疗记录。

如今,该管道平均在31天内提供报告结果。这与肿瘤外显子组测序或类似的基因组检测结果返回的时间相当。自2013年开始这项研究以来,每位患者测序和存储全基因组、外显子组和转录组数据的成本已经下降。

临床管道的一个关键特征是由圣裘德计算生物学系的共同第一作者Michael Rusch及其同事开发的软件。管道简化了不同测序平台收集的基因组变体的整合和验证。Rusch说:“在所有三个测序平台上验证结果提高了结果的准确性和灵敏度。”

最后,这项研究中使用的测序数据(无论是原始数据还是处理后的数据),都可以通过圣裘德云(St.Jude Cloud)的St.Jude PeCan(儿科癌症)数据门户网站提供给全世界的研究人员。圣裘德大学的研究人员希望这一途径将推动未来涉及全基因组测序的研发或临床应用。

原始出处:
Michael Rusch, Joy Nakitandwe, Sheila Shurtleff, et al. Clinical cancer genomic profiling by three-platform sequencing of whole genome, whole exome and transcriptome. Nature Communications. 27 September 2018.

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    2019-07-27 liye789132251
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    2019-09-10 liuli5079
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