Cell:CRISPR新一代编辑技术为CAR T细胞疗法提出全新概念

2018-06-02 小通 生物通

现有的CAR T方法都没有靶向癌症特异性抗原——除了脑癌中的EGFRvIII,利用这种新方法,我们可以创建一种癌症特异性抗原,帮助CAR T发挥最大作用。”


现有的CAR T方法都没有靶向癌症特异性抗原——除了脑癌中的EGFRvIII,利用这种新方法,我们可以创建一种癌症特异性抗原,帮助CAR T发挥最大作用。”

急性髓系白血病AML是成人最常见的急性白血病,它能引起骨髓“漏血”,导致化疗药物无法有效呈递。CAR T疗法是一种近年来兴起的有效治疗方法,但是之前科学家尝试靶向CD33,发现会损害健康细胞。

宾州大学宾夕法尼亚大学Abramson癌症中心开创的一种新方法能为利用CAR T细胞治疗急性髓系白血病提出新的思路。这一研究成果公布在5月30日的Cell杂志上。

为了治疗AML,研究人员必须靶向这种特定的蛋白质:CD33,这种蛋白质在健康细胞中也有表达,这意味着该疗法不仅对癌症起作用,也会对正常骨髓造成严重损害。最新方法使用基因编辑工具CRISPR/Cas9从健康的血液中剔除健康血液干细胞中的CD33,留下癌细胞作为CD33攻击的唯一靶标。

CAR T细胞疗法

此前,宾州大学的研究人员为了治疗急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL),研发了相关的CAR T细胞疗法,即收集患者自身的免疫T细胞,重新编程它们,然后将其注入患者体内。目前,CAR T细胞疗法被美国食品药物管理局批准用于ALL和非何杰金淋巴瘤NHL,其中用到的蛋白是CD19。

但是,CD19无法在AML治疗中发挥作用,因为AML并不表达CD19,因此研究人员一直在寻找其他潜在的细胞靶标。

CD33是一个很有希望的蛋白,但是之前的研究表明靶向CD33会损害健康细胞。虽然可以通过控制CAR T细胞持续时间,来应对健康细胞发生的损害,但这就放弃了CAR T最大优点之一——持续多年的治疗能力,在体内循环并保护患者免于复发。

文章作者Saar I. Gill说:“这种疗法是一种真正的活性药物,CAR T细胞可以在输注后多年存活于患者体内,因此关闭它们相对于自断手臂。” 

CRISPR/Cas9显神威

由于猎人细胞无法区分正常细胞和恶性细胞,因此研究人员开发了一种新方法,对正常干细胞进行遗传工程改造:他们利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑工具从健康细胞中去除CD33。令他们惊讶的是,缺乏CD33的健康干细胞能正常运作,这也就是说CD33蛋白只是白血病细胞所需的,能帮助癌细胞免受攻击。

“现有的CAR T方法都没有靶向癌症特异性抗原——除了脑癌中的EGFRvIII,利用这种新方法,我们可以创建一种癌症特异性抗原,帮助CAR T发挥最大作用,”Gill说。

“这项研究是CAR T细胞有效和安全靶向白血病细胞的重大进步,这一进步的关键在于使用新一代基因编辑技术来实现了抗原特异性免疫治疗。”

Gill与其同事在小鼠和猴模型中证实了其有效性,他们还在实验室中证明了它对人体细胞的影响。

“这就好比是骨髓移植2.0。这将能带来超级强大的抗白血病效应,同时也能摆脱CAR T之劳的主要副作用。”

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    2019-03-21 维他命
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    2018-06-04 yuandd
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    2018-06-02 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

    0

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色素性视网膜炎是影响视网膜及其功能退化的一种遗传性疾病,是眼科中的一种疑难疾病,也被称为不治之症。近年来,随着基因编辑技术的不断精进,科学家们在最新一项研究中终于有了新的突破: 他们利用CRISPR技术恢复了患有色素性视网膜炎小鼠的视网膜功能,这一重大进展或为治疗该病打开新方向。