Ophthalmology:CRISPR助攻遗传性眼疾,根治失明成功在望

2018-05-15 浮苏 生物探索

色素性视网膜炎是影响视网膜及其功能退化的一种遗传性疾病,是眼科中的一种疑难疾病,也被称为不治之症。近年来,随着基因编辑技术的不断精进,科学家们在最新一项研究中终于有了新的突破: 他们利用CRISPR技术恢复了患有色素性视网膜炎小鼠的视网膜功能,这一重大进展或为治疗该病打开新方向。

相关研究结果于5月10日发表在美国眼科学会杂志《Ophthalmology》上。这也是研究人员首次成功将CRISPR技术应用于显性遗传疾病。同时,这一工具可能在包括亨廷顿氏病、马凡氏综合征和角膜营养不良等数百种疾病中发挥作用。

“恐怖”的视网膜色素变性

视网膜色素变性是一组罕见的遗传性疾病,由70多个基因中的一个引起。它涉及视网膜(眼睛后部的光敏组织)中细胞的分解和丢失。该病通常发生在儿童时期,进展缓慢,影响外围视觉(peripheral vision)和夜间视力。多数人到了成年早期就会失去大部分视力, 40岁后则会形成法律上的失明,且目前无治愈方法。据估计,全球约四千分之一的人饱受该病影响。

论文通讯作者Stephen H. Tsang博士及其同事们试图创造一种更灵活的CRISPR工具,这样就可以治疗更多的患者,而不受限于他们的个体基因特征。Tsang博士称这种技术为基因组手术(genome surgery),因为它可以切除坏基因并用正常的功能基因取而代之。

CRISPR技术为视网膜色素变性带来新思路

自2012年以来,CRISPR基因编辑技术被应用于各种各样的领域,它彻底改变了科学家修改活细胞DNA的速度和范围。但是,即便基因组手术效果非凡,CRISPR仍有一些缺陷需要克服。

常染色体显性遗传性视网膜色素变性等疾病对研究者提出了特殊的挑战:在常染色体显性遗传疾病中,患者仅从其父母那里遗传一个突变基因拷贝(mutant copy)和一对常染色体上的一个正常基因。因此,对那些手握CRISPR的科学家来说,他们的挑战在于只编辑突变基因,而不改变健康基因。

相比之下,常染色体隐性疾病的人遗传两个拷贝的突变基因。当基因的两个拷贝发生突变时,就会涉及一种直接替换缺陷基因的治疗方法(目前,有六家制药公司在研究隐性视网膜色素变性的基因疗法,但尚未有人开发出一种占主导地位的治疗形式)。Tsang博士和同事们受其启发提出了一个更好的治疗常染色体显性遗传疾病的策略:它允许去掉旧基因,用一个好的基因代替它,且不影响其正常功能。

这种所谓的“消融-替换”(ablate-and-replace)策略可以用于开发CRISPR工具集,适用于驻留在同一基因中的所有类型的突变(而非某一类型的突变),特别是多种类型的突变导致相同病症的情况。例如,视紫红质基因的150个突变中的任何一个都可能导致色素性视网膜炎。正因为Tsang博士的技术可以以特定突变无关的方式(a mutation-independent manner)应用,所以它代表了一种可以用基因组手术治疗显性疾病更快、更经济的策略。

治疗原理

通常情况下,CRISPR研究人员会设计一个称为“向导RNA”(guide RNA)的简短的代码序列,以匹配他们想要替换的部分。他们将向导RNA附着在一种叫做Cas9的蛋白质上,然后一起在细胞核中漫游,直至找到目标DNA。

接着,Cas9将DNA解链并推入向导RNA。然后,利用细胞的自然基因修复机制,剪切出错误代码,并诱导细胞接受正确的代码。值得一提的是,Tsang设计了两个向导 RNA来治疗由视紫红质基因变异引起的常染色体显性视网膜色素变性(视紫红质是一个重要的治疗靶点,它的突变导致约30 %的常染色体显性视网膜色素变性和15 %的遗传性视网膜营养不良)。

CRISPR的优势

这种技术允许更大程度地删除永久破坏目标基因的遗传密码。Tsang博士发现,使用两个向导RNA(而非一个guide RNA)可将清理坏基因的几率从30 %提高到90 %。在该研究中,他们将这种基因组手术工具与基因置换技术相结合,利用腺相关病毒将健康的基因导入视网膜。

另一个优点是这种技术可以用于非分裂细胞,这意味着它可以使基因治疗集中于非分裂的成人细胞(例如眼睛、大脑或心脏的细胞)。而迄今为止,CRISPR在分裂细胞中的应用一直比非分裂细胞更为有效。

前景可观

Tsang采用客观的视力测试评估小鼠治疗后的视网膜功能,结果显示得到显着改善。以前CRISPR对视网膜疾病的研究依赖于一种不太客观的测量方法(包括评估小鼠向光源方向转动头部的频率),现在Tsang用全新视网膜电图(electroretinography)证实,与未治疗的小鼠眼睛相比,治疗后的视网膜变性得到减缓。

Tsang预计,人类试验将在三年后开展。 “基因组手术即将来临,眼科将是首个看到这一手术的领域。”他如此肯定。

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    2018-07-12 HNYYM
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    2018-05-17 yuandd
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    2018-05-17 jeanqiuqiu
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    2018-05-16 Jackie Li

    学习

    0

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    2018-05-15 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

    0

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说到CRISPR技术,许多人都会想到CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑工具。诚然,这款能对DNA进行编辑的工具有着巨大的应用潜力,但不少科学家指出,倘若想用CRISPR技术来治疗人类的疾病,光靠DNA编辑是不够的。要知道,不少疾病的根源在于RNA,这是遗传信息转为蛋白质的关键,也是不少基因调控的核心。

Sci Adv:CRISPR再入新领域!肌营养不良症的基因治疗或可成真!

以CRISPR/Cas9为基础的基因编辑技术在艾滋病、血液病、肿瘤等多种遗传性疾病的基因治疗领域中展现出极大的应用前景。杜氏肌营养不良是一种X染色体隐性遗传疾病,医学界尚无有效疗法。近日,有研究人员指出,CRISPR/Cas9可用于杜氏肌营养不良症的基因治疗,打破该病无药可治无法可医的局面。

Hum Gene Ther:中国团队基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑阻断HIV多个关键节点!

CRISPR / Cas9是一种适应性免疫系统,通过在DNA特定位点产生特异性双链断裂,进而抵抗入侵病毒和质粒DNA。研究人员利用这种基因编辑系统,通过靶向切除病毒长末端重复和基因编码序列来抑制HIV-1感染。如果该研究与昨日港大最新的HIV疫苗强强联手,那么攻克HIV这一世界难题也就不远了。

Science:哈佛团队带来CRISPR新应用:给细胞活动照张相

日前,来自哈佛大学的化学家刘如谦(David Liu)和博士后Weixin Tang利用革命性基因编辑工具CRISPR打造出了一个“细胞记录仪”。相关成果发表在顶级期刊Science杂志上。