糖尿病患者的高血糖、高血压、高血脂,一个也不能忽视

2018-05-28 郭艺芳 郭艺芳心前沿

近年来,高血糖、高血压、高血脂的患病率在我国居民中越来越高,若不及时有效地控制,会对心脏、脑、肾脏等产生严重危害。为什么有的人一样也不高,有的人却都高呢?简单地说,这“三高”是在同一块土地上长出来的三棵毒草。除先天因素(即遗传因素)外,不良生活习惯是引起三高的非常重要的原因。

近年来,高血糖、高血压、高血脂的患病率在我国居民中越来越高,若不及时有效地控制,会对心脏、脑、肾脏等产生严重危害。为什么有的人一样也不高,有的人却都高呢?简单地说,这“三高”是在同一块土地上长出来的三棵毒草。除先天因素(即遗传因素)外,不良生活习惯是引起三高的非常重要的原因。

无论高血压,还是高血脂和糖尿病,均具有一定的遗传学背景,父母一方或双方患有这些疾病的人比其他人更容易发生血压、血脂和血糖的增高。然而,遗传因素只是这些疾病发病的部分原因,不良生活习惯对于这“三高”的发生起着至关重要的作用。

前面说过,“三高”是同一块土地上长出的三棵毒草。这块土地是什么?是吃得多、运动少以及由此导致的肥胖。随着我国居民物质生活水平的不断改善,我们饮食摄入的热量不断增高。如果我们运动过少,不能将吃进去的热量消耗掉,多余的热量就会转化为脂肪储存在体内,于是就会发生肥胖、将军肚、脂肪肝等。若不及时纠正这种热量过剩状态,就会发生高血压、高血脂和高血糖。虽然有遗传背景的人比别人更容易发生这些异常,但如果缺乏健康意识、不注意节制饮食和适量运动,没有遗传背景的人照样会发生“三高”。

要想有效预防和控制“三高”,就要去除掉这三棵毒草赖以生存的共同土壤,要节制饮食、增加运动、不酗酒、身心放松等。要时刻牢记“防重于治”,不要等着发生了“三高”才不得已使用降压、降脂、降糖药物治疗,更不能等着发生了心梗、脑梗才去控制血压、血脂和血糖。如果已经发生了糖尿病,应在医生指导下接受正规的降糖治疗。但对于多数糖尿病患者而言,仅仅关注血糖是不够的,还要做到以下几点:

生活方式管理

主要内容包括合理饮食、适量运动、控制体重、限制饮酒、戒烟等。首先,合理的饮食结构与总热量摄入不仅是降糖治疗的基石,也是降低心血管系统整体风险水平的有效措施,因而适用于所有糖尿病患者。对于超重(体质指数≥24kg/m2)/肥胖(体质指数≥28kg/m2)的患者,应以低碳水化合物、低脂肪饮食为主。其次,适量运动有助于控制体重、改善糖代谢和脂代谢状态并降低血压水平,对心血管系统具有有益影响。建议糖尿病患者坚持规律性的中等强度有氧运动(例如快步行走、太极拳、自行车运动等)。体重在正常范围者每日户外运动时间不少于30分钟,每周不少于5天。超重/肥胖者需要增加运动量,每日运动时间不少于1小时,每周不少于5天。若无禁忌证,应鼓励患者每周进行2-3次阻抗训练(如俯卧撑、仰卧起坐、下蹲运动、举哑铃等)。第三,吸烟可以增高不良心血管事件的危险性,因此吸烟者应努力戒烟。

血压管理

当糖尿病患者血压水平高于130/80 mmHg时,其不良心血管事件发生率将显着增高,因此多数糖尿病患者的血压应控制130/80mmHg以下。但是对于高龄、一般健康状况较差或已经发生严重心脑血管疾病的患者,过于严格的血压控制可能会对患者产生不利影响,将血压控制在140/90 mmHg以下就可以了。降压药物可以首选普利类或沙坦类,血压不能达标时可以联合应用地平类或利尿剂等。

血脂管理

对于已经发生心脑血管疾病的患者,无论其血脂水平如何,均应接受他汀治疗,将低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)控制在1.8mmol/L以下。没有心脑血管疾病但年龄≥40岁的患者,虽然其血脂水平不高也应该服用他汀类药物,将LDL-C控制于2.6 mmol/L以下。换言之,多数2型糖尿病患者需要接受他汀治疗。

抗血小板治疗

若无禁忌证,所有合并心脑血管疾病的患者均应服用小剂量阿司匹林(75-150 mg/d)。具有使用阿司匹林适应证但不能耐受治疗者,可应用氯吡格雷替代(75 mg/d)。无心脑血管疾病的50岁以上男性与60岁以上女性患者且伴有至少1项其他危险因素(吸烟,高血压,血脂异常,早发冠心病家族史,蛋白尿)者,若其不存在出血性并发症的高危因素(既往有胃肠道出血史或消化性溃疡病史,或正在服用非甾体类抗炎药物或华法林等增加出血风险的药物),也建议服用小剂量(75-150 mg/d)阿司匹林。

最后需要强调的是,糖尿病患者的降糖、降压、降胆固醇药物治疗必须在正规医院医生指导下进行,切忌擅自购药或自行更改治疗方案。

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    2018-05-30 hbwxf
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    2018-05-30 freve
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    2018-05-29 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-05-28 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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Taylor(Journal of Clinical Periodontology,2013,40,S113)关于牙周炎与糖尿病之间生物学关联的科学证据的更新。

Cell Metab:高血糖是导致糖尿病的结果,还是原因?

胰岛素抗性和血糖水平升高被认为是2型糖尿病的原因。然而,德国癌症研究中心(DKFZ)和海德堡大学医院的科学家们提出的新证据表明,事实可能完全相反。他们在果蝇上发现代谢物MG(甲基乙二醛)水平升高会引起典型的糖尿病代谢紊乱,并导致胰岛素抵抗、肥胖和血糖升高。这项研究刚发表在《Cell Metabolism》上。

Crit Care:对高血糖危重患儿强化降糖 获益与风险并存!

发表在《Crit Care》的一项由中国和美国科学家进行的系统评价和meta分析,考察了危重患儿强化降糖(TGC)的获益和风险。

Diabetes Obes Metab:AECOPD泼尼松诱导的高血糖采用达格列净的疗效分析!

由此可见,相比于安慰剂,AECOPD治疗期间泼尼松诱导高血糖患者采用达格列净治疗并没有得到更好的血糖控制。

J Clin Periodontol: 绿茶对长期高血糖T1D大鼠的血管紊乱和牙周破坏的预防作用

评估绿茶对链脲佐菌素诱导的1型糖尿病(T1D)大鼠长期高血糖期间自发性牙周炎进展过程中血管调节的影响。