共识声明:糖尿病酮症酸中毒和高血糖高渗状态

2018-07-18 佚名 MediEndo周讯

2018年,国际儿童青少年糖尿病协会(ISPAD)发布了关于糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)和高血糖高渗状态的共识声明,文章主要内容涉及糖尿病酮症酸中毒的定义和诊断、治疗、儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒和高血糖高渗状态患者的管理、临床监测等。

2018年,国际儿童青少年糖尿病协会(ISPAD)发布了关于糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)和高血糖高渗状态的共识声明,文章主要内容涉及糖尿病酮症酸中毒的定义和诊断、治疗、儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒和高血糖高渗状态患者的管理临床监测等。

糖尿病酮症酸中毒的诊疗

DKA诊断的生化标准为:

· 高血糖(血糖>11mmol/L [≈200mg/dL])

· 静脉pH<7.3或血清碳酸氢盐<15mmol/L

· 酮血症(血液β-羟基丁酸盐≥3mmol/L)或中度-大量酮尿

DKA的临床症状包括:脱水、心动过速、呼吸急促、叹气样深呼吸、呼吸有丙酮气味、恶心或呕吐、腹痛、视觉模糊、意识模糊、嗜睡、意识水平逐渐下降,最终意识丧失(昏迷)。

在新诊断的患者中,DKA的风险因素包括年龄较小、诊断延迟、社会经济地位较低以及居住在1型糖尿病(T1DM)患病率较低的国家。

在确诊为糖尿病的患者中,DKA的风险因素包括由于各种原因不使用胰岛素,无法获得医疗服务以及胰岛素泵无法识别致使胰岛素注射中断。

由于DKA的表现存在相当大的个体差异(从轻度脱水到极度严重脱水),一些患者可能需要特殊治疗。临床判断应始终用于确定个体患者的最佳治疗方案,并基于患者对治疗的持续反应,细致临床观察和生化监测,及时调整治疗方案(电解质成分和补液输注速率,胰岛素剂量)。

紧急情况评估应遵循儿科高级生命支持(PALS)的一般准则,包括:立刻测量血糖、血液或尿酮、血清电解质、血气分析和全血细胞计数;评估脱水的严重程度和意识水平(E)。

应建立两条静脉(IV)通路(E)。

应在儿童和青少年DKA治疗经验丰富的中心进行管理,并频繁监测生命体征、神经状况和实验室结果(E)。

如果地理限制,需要在经验较少且资源较少的中心启动管理,应安排具有DKA专业知识的医师的电话或视频会议支持(E)。

对治疗的临床和生化反应进行仔细监测是必要的,以便在患者的临床或实验室数据异常时及时调整治疗(E)。

治疗的目的是纠正脱水,纠正酸中毒和逆转酮症,逐渐使高渗和血糖浓度恢复正常,监测DKA的并发症及其治疗,并识别和治疗任何诱发因素(A)。

在开始胰岛素治疗前应先进行补液。根据需要使用晶体扩容,以恢复外周循环(E)。计算随后的补液速率,包括维持液体的输注要求,目的是补充24至48小时内估计的液体不足(A)。

胰岛素治疗:在补液治疗至少1小时后以0.05-0.1 U/kg /小时开始(B)。

钾离子:如果患者是高钾血症,应延缓补充钾离子,直到有可记录的尿量。否则,以40mmol/L钾离子开始补充(或如果患者以≥10mL/kg/h的速率接受液体,则给予20mmol/L钾离子补充)(E)。

除了威胁生命的高钾血症或异常严重的酸中毒(vpH<6.9)并证明心脏收缩力受损情况外,不推荐使用碳酸氢盐治疗(C)。

脑水肿的体征和临床表现包括:治疗开始后头痛发作或逐渐加重至严重头痛,睡眠无关性心率减慢或血管内容量增加,神经状态改变(烦躁不安、易怒、嗜睡、意识模糊、尿便失禁),特异性神经体征(如颅神经麻痹),血压升高,氧饱和度降低(C)。

对于有脑水肿多种危险因素的患者(例如血清尿素氮浓度升高,严重酸中毒,严重低碳酸血症),应在床旁备有甘露醇或高渗盐水并计算剂量(E)。如果神经系统状态急剧恶化,应立即给予高渗性液体治疗(C)。

在新发的糖尿病中,DKA常常是诊断延迟的结果(E)。

高血糖高渗状态的诊疗

高血糖高渗状态的标准包括:

· 血浆葡萄糖浓度>33.3 mmol/L(600mg/dL)

· 静脉pH>7.25;动脉pH>7.30

· 血清碳酸氢盐>15 mmol/L

· 轻度酮尿症,无酮血症

· 有效血清渗透压>320 mOsm/kg

· 意识状态改变(例如嗜睡、躁狂)或癫痫发作(约50%)

在高血糖高渗状态(HHS)中,初始液体治疗的目标是补充血管内和血管外的容量,恢复正常的肾灌注,并促进校正血清钠浓度和血清渗透压的逐渐下降。

在治疗HHS时,单独补液后一旦血浆葡萄糖每小时降低小于3mmol/L(50mg/dL),应以0.025至0.05U/kg /小时的剂量开始胰岛素给药。

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  4. 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href='/topic/show?id=ab1f102e339d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高血糖高渗状态#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102733, encryptionId=ab1f102e339d, topicName=高血糖高渗状态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 10:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041717, encodeId=b5ae1041e17ea, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332545, encodeId=1ecd3325453e, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:11:13 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-20 hbwxf
  5. 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  6. 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    2018-07-20 mashirong
  7. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:11:13 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037526, encodeId=908c203e526f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=862b9553521' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95535, encryptionId=862b9553521, topicName=酮症酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6262500044, createdName=1249862am72(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jan 07 00:41:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676150, encodeId=d8d016e615045, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6bac955861e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95586, encryptionId=6bac955861e, topicName=酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22315, encryptionId=14d92231508, topicName=中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 10:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346116, encodeId=fcfd134611649, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecbb9553661' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95536, encryptionId=ecbb9553661, topicName=酮症酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=346311, createdName=wgsun, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 10:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1622707, encodeId=562f1622e071f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab1f102e339d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高血糖高渗状态#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102733, encryptionId=ab1f102e339d, topicName=高血糖高渗状态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 10:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041717, encodeId=b5ae1041e17ea, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332545, encodeId=1ecd3325453e, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:11:13 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037526, encodeId=908c203e526f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=862b9553521' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95535, encryptionId=862b9553521, topicName=酮症酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6262500044, createdName=1249862am72(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jan 07 00:41:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676150, encodeId=d8d016e615045, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6bac955861e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95586, encryptionId=6bac955861e, topicName=酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, 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href='/topic/show?id=ab1f102e339d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高血糖高渗状态#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102733, encryptionId=ab1f102e339d, topicName=高血糖高渗状态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 10:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041717, encodeId=b5ae1041e17ea, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332545, encodeId=1ecd3325453e, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:11:13 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-18 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

  10. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 18 22:11:13 CST 2018, time=2018-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-18 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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