Science:原来,有些癌症患者天生携带响应免疫疗法的基因

2017-12-13 佚名 生物探索

近几年,革命性的免疫疗法颠覆了癌症治疗。然而,一个不可忽视的问题是,目前,只有少部分癌症患者能够获益于这类疗法。这究竟是为什么呢?近日,来自美国Memorial Sloan Kettering癌症中心等机构的一个科学家小组发现,原来,有些癌症患者天生就携带了响应免疫疗法的基因!这篇于12月7日发表在Science杂志上的论文证实,人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HL

近几年,革命性的免疫疗法颠覆了癌症治疗。然而,一个不可忽视的问题是,目前,只有少部分癌症患者能够获益于这类疗法。这究竟是为什么呢?近日,来自美国Memorial Sloan Kettering癌症中心等机构的一个科学家小组发现,原来,有些癌症患者天生就携带了响应免疫疗法的基因!这篇于12月7日发表在Science杂志上的论文证实,人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)基因越多样、变异越多的癌症患者能够更好的响应免疫疗法。

1.关键的HLA基因

在这一迄今为止“对接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的患者”进行的最大规模的遗传分析中,研究者们调查了在许多不同医院接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的1,535名多种不同类型的癌症患者。科学家们不仅分析了肿瘤组织内部的基因变化,还调查了患者与生俱来的某些基因(germline genes,胚系基因)。

具体来说,他们调查了组成HLA系统的基因。这些基因对调节免疫系统非常重要。HLA基因能够“教”免疫系统中的T细胞识别什么是“自己”,什么是“异己”。HLA系统被用于匹配干细胞和骨髓移植的接受者(recipient,即接受捐赠的患者)和捐赠者,其目标是捐赠者的HLA系统能够足够与接受者的相似,从而保证捐赠者的T细胞不会攻击接受者的组织。

在癌症治疗中,提高T细胞摧毁肿瘤细胞的能力是重要目标。论文的通讯作者、Memorial Sloan Kettering癌症中心的Timothy A. Chan博士解释道:“就像拥有更多基因变化的肿瘤更容易被免疫细胞识别一样,拥有更多样化HLA基因意味着,免疫系统更有能力识别不属于机体内部的东西。”

2.FDA已批准相关测试

据Memorial Sloan Kettering癌症中心的官网报道称,该中心于今年11月从美国FDA获得授权的MSK-IMPACT测试已经被用于分析患者血液样本中的HLA基因。

具体来说,MSK-IMPACT测试使用下一代测序(NGS)技术来快速鉴定468个独特基因的突变,以及患者肿瘤基因组组成中其他的分子变化。通过识别一个特定肿瘤中的基因突变,MSK-IMPACT测试能够为患者和卫生保健专业人员提供有用的信息,为确定最佳的癌症治疗方案提供指导。

MSK-IMPACT测试经过了FDA的“de novo premarket review pathway”审查。该监管途径是针对一些还没有合法上市的新型低风险和中等风险器械。FDA对MSK-IMPACT检测基因突变的精确度、准确度和检测限度进行了评估。结果表明,MSK-IMPACT有高度准确度(大于99%),并能检测频率大约为5% (范围2-5%)的突变。

借助MSK-IMPACT测试,Memorial Sloan Kettering癌症中心的医疗团队能够立即“执行”这项新发现,即:为癌症患者进行HLA基因检测,指导免疫检查点抑制剂治疗。

3.重要意义

Chan博士说:“我们的研究包含了非常多例不同类型的癌症患者,这使得将该成果应用于临床迈出了很大的一步。不过,我们的结果也还需要在其它研究中得以验证。”

总结来说,这一新发现清楚地表明,了解患者的基因型及其肿瘤的突变情况对确定谁能获益于免疫检查点抑制剂至关重要。

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    2017-12-15 jichang
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    2017-12-13 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.涨知识

    0

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    2017-12-13 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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    2017-12-13 1e14ffd0m25(暂无匿称)

    学习学习

    0

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由此可见,SE结果可预测心血管和癌症死亡率。SE可能是癌症或心血管死亡共同危险因素的中介。

Annals of Oncology:血液DNA检测预测患者癌症复发几率

今天《Annals of Oncology》发表了一篇文章,来自英国曼切斯特大学癌症研究所和Christie NHS基金会的研究人员鉴定出了与癌症复发有关的血液检测指标,这项新发现还能帮助医生和患者判断使用免疫治疗是否可能有效。