临床重症:特利加压素?去甲肾上腺素?亦或都用在脓毒性休克中?

2019-03-04 刘莎 张剑 重症医学

当静脉液体复苏不能使平均动脉压(MAP)维持在65mmHg以上时,血管升压药治疗便成为脓毒性休克管理策略中的重要基石之一 。去甲肾上腺素是推荐的首选血管升压药,但低反应性是一个重要的临床问题,有时需要高剂量才能达到目标MAP。如此高剂量的儿茶酚胺治疗可能增加致死性心律失常、免疫抑制和死亡的风险。


当静脉液体复苏不能使平均动脉压(MAP)维持在65mmHg以上时,血管升压药治疗便成为脓毒性休克管理策略中的重要基石之一 。去甲肾上腺素是推荐的首选血管升压药,但低反应性是一个重要的临床问题,有时需要高剂量才能达到目标MAP。如此高剂量的儿茶酚胺治疗可能增加致死性心律失常、免疫抑制和死亡的风险。

针对大剂量去甲肾上腺素治疗脓毒性休克的问题,建议使用血管加压素辅助治疗。在血管加压素和脓毒性休克试验(VASST)中,与单用去甲肾上腺素治疗相比,在现有的去甲肾上腺素治疗基础上增加小剂量血管加压素(0.01–0.03 U/min)并不能降低脓毒性休克患者的死亡率。然而,在休克程度较轻的患者和12小时内入组的患者中,应用血管加压素似乎有可能对生存有益,这表明早期的联合使用可能是有益的。

然而,在血管加压素vs去甲肾上腺素作为初始治疗的脓毒性休克(VANISH)试验中,早期(6小时内)血管加压素治疗组(最高0.06U/min)与单独去甲肾上腺素组相比,无肾功能衰竭天数和死亡率均无差异。该试验纳入脓毒性休克患者409例。

血管加压素除了通过激活V1受体引起血管收缩外,还可能通过激活肾集合管(抗利尿作用)和内皮细胞(通过血管假性血友病因子释放造成的血栓前作用)的V2受体、脑垂体中的V3受体(增加促肾上腺皮质激素分泌),以及位于血管内皮细胞上的催产素受体 (通过一氧化氮合酶活动增加造成血管舒张)而引起有害的副作用。特利加压素作为一种合成的血管加压素类似物,由于其对V1受体更强的选择性,使之可能成为血管加压素的替代物而受到瞩目。

动物实验数据表明,与血管加压素相比,特利加压素能减少液体积聚,延长存活时间。此外,小型随机对照试验的数据表明,特利加压素对1型肝肾综合征患者肾功能有短期的改善作用,与去甲肾上腺素相比,它甚至可能提高肝硬化和脓毒性休克患者的生存率。然而,在无肝功能衰竭的脓毒性休克患者中,特利加压素治疗的安全性和疗效的资料很少。

最近,发表在Intensive Care Medicine的一篇文章中(刘,等),应用随机、多中心、双盲、对照试验比较单独应用去甲肾上腺素与早期特利加压素输注(20–160μg/h)联合去甲肾上腺素治疗脓毒性休克。这个研究因50%的入组病人无效而被迫停止。在526名患者中,经过随机分析, 28天死亡率(主要结果;38 vs.40%,P=0.63)、未使用升压药天数以及一周内SOFA评分的改变均为未发现差异。这份资料丰富的研究进一步证实了先前的试点研究的结论,即单独使用特利加压素或加用去甲肾上腺素(图1),死亡率没有得到改善。

刘等人报告的严重不良事件,特别是手指缺血的显著差异值得关注。总体而言,单独使用去甲肾上腺素治疗的患者中有1.5%患有手指缺血; VANISH 实验中仅接受去甲肾上腺素治疗的患者有相同的发生率。然而,在刘等人的研究中,接受特利加压素治疗的患者中有13%发生了手指缺血(在VANISH试验中,使用血管加压素的患者占5.4%)。此外,作者还发现特利加压素组腹泻患病率较高(2.7vs.0.3%),但重要的是并不是急性肠系膜缺血。

手指缺血的高发生率可能有多种解释。首先,随着低血容量发生,特利加压素引起缺血性事件的风险增加。在刘等人的研究中,大部分的手指缺血病例发生在第一个24小时。不幸的是,随机化前的患者液体管理未做说明。因此,尚不清楚患者在进入试验前是否进行了“充分”的液体复苏。

其次,一些研究表明,应用特利加压素后,心脏指数显著下降,而去甲肾上腺素则没有下降。以牺牲心脏指数为代价增加全身血管阻力确实可能损害器官血流并导致不良的缺血事件。但是,由于刘等人没有测量心脏指数,我们只能推测这种血流动力学的改变是否导致了较高的不良事件发生率。

最后,众所周知,特利加压素的半衰期要比去甲肾上腺素和(精氨酸)血管加压素的半衰期都要长,但在持续输注时,特利加压素的活性代谢物赖氨酸加压素的药代动力学尚未确定。在一次小的试验中,低剂量输注(约110μg/h)的初步安全性被报道,但心房纤颤以外的不良事件未被评估。然而,在肝硬化和脓毒性休克接受312μg/h治疗的患者中,不良事件的总发生率为41%,其中的29%出现了“周围性紫绀”。鉴于严重不良事件的发生率很高,在脓毒性休克患者中,应用特利加压素最大输注速率应远远低于160μg/h。

总之,用于治疗肝肾综合征患者的特利加压素剂量,如果用在脓毒性休克患者中可能显得过高。如果此类患者存在特利加压素输注的指征,首先需要确定一个安全的剂量范围。同时,临床医生应如何管理血管升压药在脓毒性休克中的应用呢? 继续使用去甲肾上腺素作为一线治疗仍然是有道理的。随着剂量的增加,早期使用血管加压素作为二线血管升压药是合乎逻辑的。它已经在多个随机对照试验中进行了测试。最近的一项荟萃分析发现,它的使用降低了房颤的发生率,而且有可能降低死亡率和肾脏替代治疗的需要。然而,在这个分析中,手指缺血事件也更高。这提醒我们充分的液体复苏,反复评估心排血量,针对每个患者设置最低可接受的平均动脉血压(MAP)目标,去尽可能避免高剂量血管升压药的应用。这些,在脓毒性休克的管理中仍然是重要的组成部分。

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    2019-10-29 fyxzlh
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    2019-05-07 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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