盘点:让人闻之色变的“超级细菌”,人类应该怎么对抗!

2016-09-18 MedSci MedSci原创

随着抗生素的广泛使用、甚至是滥用,细菌的抗药性正在逐步增强。近年来,令人闻之色变的“超级细菌”(对多种抗生素具抗药性(multidrug resistant,MDR)的病原体)更是大量出现。令人遗憾的是,人类已经25年没有发现新的抗生素种类了。在与超级细菌变异的时间赛跑里,我们显然已经落后。不过科学家依旧在努力寻找解决“超级细菌”的耐药性的方法,小编就为大家盘点有关超级细菌的近期研究成果。【1

随着抗生素的广泛使用、甚至是滥用,细菌的抗药性正在逐步增强。近年来,令人闻之色变的“超级细菌”(对多种抗生素具抗药性(multidrug resistant,MDR)的病原体)更是大量出现。令人遗憾的是,人类已经25年没有发现新的抗生素种类了。在与超级细菌变异的时间赛跑里,我们显然已经落后。

不过科学家依旧在努力寻找解决“超级细菌”的耐药性的方法,小编就为大家盘点有关超级细菌的近期研究成果。

【1】Nat Microbiol:科学家开发出可高效杀灭超级细菌的星状多聚体分子

近日,来自墨尔本大学的研究人员通过研究开发了一种小型的星状分子,相比细菌已经产生耐药性的抗生素而言,这种分子能够有效杀灭多种细菌,相关研究刊登于国际杂志Nature Microbiology上,该研究或为后期科学家们开发抵御对多种抗生素耐药的细菌提供新的希望和思路。

研究者Qiao及同事在过去很多年里一直对肽类聚合物进行研究,近日他们开发了一种星状的肽类多聚体,该分子能够有效杀灭革兰氏阴性菌,这种细菌是一种对抗生素非常容易产生耐受性的一类细菌,但其对机体无害。实际上,研究者对红细胞进行实验结果发现,这种星状肽类多聚体的剂量率需要被增加超过100才具有毒性,当在动物模型中进行检测时,这种分子可以高效杀灭超级细菌。

研究者指出,超级细菌并不会对这些星状肽类多聚体分子产生耐受性,而且研究者还发现,这种分子还可以以多种途径来对细菌实施杀灭作用,并不像很多抗生素仅能够通过单一途径来作用。研究者认为,这种星状肽类多聚体的优越表现明显高于抗生素,其作用的一种通路就包括彻底裂解细菌的细胞壁,当然后期研究中研究人员还需要进行大量的研究,研究者非常有信心通过后期更多的研究和临床试验开发出一种彻底杀灭耐药性病原体的新型疗法。(文章详见--Nat Microbiol:科学家开发出可高效杀灭超级细菌的星状多聚体分子

【2】Nat Microbiol:科学家阐明抵御超级细菌的新思路

来自澳大利亚的研究人员近日通过研究发现了一种阻断细菌致死性感染的新方法,该研究或为后期科学家们开发抵御超级耐药细菌的新型疗法提供帮助,相关研究刊登于国际杂志Nature Microbiology上。

在女性一生中,几乎每一秒钟她们都会遭受尿道感染的困扰,而主要的原因是尿路大肠杆菌的感染,大肠杆菌会从尿道转移至膀胱最终诱发疼痛性的感染。为了在膀胱中形成感染,细菌会产生一种纳米细丝来帮助菌体“锚定”到尿道壁上。文章中,研究人员发现名为TAM的蛋白对于细菌固着性纤丝的组装非常重要,研究者通过设计新型实验测定了纤丝形成蛋白的组装过程。

研究者Trevor Lithgow教授说道,利用新型方法我们就可以检测是否阻断TAM会对纤丝形成蛋白产生影响,研究结果表明,TAM对于纤丝形成蛋白的组装非常重要,其可以帮助细菌来锚定到尿道表面;在正常情况下,大肠杆菌可以在两分钟内产生纤丝来感应泌尿道环境,然而当TAM被阻断后,大肠杆菌就需要花费2小时来完成相同的过程。

研究者揭示了TAM如何影响大肠杆菌定位到尿道壁上,而相关研究对于开发靶向性疗法提供了一定帮助,目前很多抵御大肠杆菌的抗生素都会越过细菌的细胞膜来杀灭侵入的细菌;蛋白TAM位于细菌表面,而药物可以直接对其作用使其失活,从而抑制纳米纤丝的快速产生。(文章详见--Nat Microbiol:科学家阐明抵御超级细菌的新思路

【3】PNAS:解偶联剂或可用于对抗超级细菌

伊利诺伊大学化学家组成的研究人员最近得出研究结论:一些用于治疗寄生虫感染和癌症的药物也可以改装用于治疗葡萄球菌和肺结核感染。研究结果发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》。研究人员认为,通过多角度多方面研究靶细菌的特点,它们更不易出现耐药性。 

研究负责人Eric Oldfield教授认为,我们现在有超级细菌足以对目前的药物产生完全耐药性,有一种叫解偶联剂的药物用于治疗寄生虫感染。它主要是通过破坏细胞的能量供应系统,引发细胞死亡。研究人员也致力于研究这些药物是否可以用于治疗其他疾病如糖尿病等。 

Vacquinol是一种正在开发的药物,其主要用途是治疗脑胶质母细胞瘤,研究人员发现,这种药物可作为解偶联剂抑制结核杆菌酶活性,中断其能量供应而导致细菌死亡。进一步探究后,研究人员发现了与vacquinol具有相似结构的化合物都能够抑制结核杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。 

研究人员现在探究通过使解偶联剂化合物在细菌细胞内代谢,以达到减少它们对机体细胞的损伤,同时可迅速杀灭细菌的效果。但是研究人员并不知道这些化学物的衍生物是否对机体有害,因此他们需要更多更复杂的实验来进一步探究。(文章详见--PNAS:解偶联剂或可用于对抗超级细菌

【4】Cell Host & Microbe:抗生素治疗超级细菌MRSA会导致感染加剧!!!

全球医学界都有目共睹,随着抗生素使用频率的增加,耐抗生素的超级细菌出现了。雪松-西奈医学中心的一项新的研究表明,某些抗生素在治疗患者出现的感染时不仅是无效的,也可能使病人的病情恶化。这项研究发表在Cell Host & Microbe。 

运动员、幼儿园或中小学的孩子、军营的军事人员、住院病人等有较高的风险感染MRSA。根据CDC的数据,从2011年开始,每年有超过80000出现MRSA感染,11000人因此死亡。研究人员认为,这是美国最大的耐抗生素病原体。鉴于耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的威胁,研究小组着手调查是什么原因导致耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的致病性。

他们发现,对实验室小鼠使用使用β-内酰胺类抗生素后,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌会出现炎症细胞壁以破坏机体正常组织。各种β-内酰胺类抗生素的作用机制均相似,都能抑制正常葡萄球菌的胞壁粘肽合成酶,即青霉素结合蛋白从而阻碍细胞壁粘肽合成,使细菌胞壁缺损,菌体膨胀裂解。(文章详见--Cell Host & Microbe:抗生素治疗超级细菌MRSA会导致感染加剧!!!

【5】Plos Pathog: 粪便移植可清除超级细菌

近日有研究表明,通过移植健康的肠道微生物可清除院内最常见的两大耐药菌,该研究结果发表于PLoS Pathogens。

目前为止,研究人员发现移植健康人的粪便对治疗艰难梭菌的感染尤为有效。

来自纽约纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心的Dr.Eric Pamer医生及其同事构建了肠道定植的小鼠模型以检测VRE或肺炎克雷伯菌的肠道主导地位是否会因其他病原菌的定植而受到挑战。

在美国,约10%的严重院内获得性感染由这两种致病菌感染所致,它们可定植于肠道并且由此扩散传播感染其他的患者。

研究人员表示,通过移植健康小鼠的粪便也可清除小鼠肠道中密集定植的耐万古霉素粪肠球菌。他们在小鼠肠道中同时定植了VRE及肺炎克雷伯菌,然后连续3天使用粪便微生物群移植(FMT)或者无菌的对照物对小鼠进行治疗。(文章详见--Plos Pathog: 粪便移植可清除超级细菌

【6】Nature Com:新“武器”对抗超级细菌

近日,研究表明一种特殊类型的合成糖可能是对抗超级细菌的最新武器。来自昆士兰大学和昆士兰Alchemia生物技术公司的科学家发现了一种潜在的新型抗生素,灵感来自于细菌产生的糖分子。

Matt Cooper教授说细菌自己的糖类成分不太可能对抗生素产生耐药性。“细菌细胞壁与墙砖房子的墙类似,除了墙不是砂浆制成的而是由糖聚合物制成之外。”Cooper教授说。“但如果你添加一个改良糖分子,它们就会停止链接,然后破坏细胞壁并杀死细菌。”“细胞壁靶向抗生素如青霉素和万古霉素,但这里的区别是,我们正在阻止细胞壁连接过程中心重要的一部分。”

Zuegg博士说研究团队检查了数以百计Alchemia改良后的糖分子,目的是用来找到那些会杀死细菌并对人类细胞无毒的糖分子。“大多数分子筛选成药物后是平面形状,而这些分子是三维立体状的。”Zuegg博士说。“这意味着我们可以多种方式可以在三维空间中构建成千上万种不同组合的糖核心。”(文章详见--Nature Com:新“武器”对抗超级细菌

【7】PNAS:美开发预测超级细菌耐药突变的软件

在PNAS发表的一项研究中,该研究小组用他们的程序来识别可使耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)对一类新实验药物产生耐药性的基因变化,这种新药显示出对抗致命疾病的潜力。

克大学的Donald和康涅狄格大学的Amy Anderson带领的一个研究小组,使用他们开发的一种蛋白质设计算法(称为OSPREY),来鉴定细菌中的DNA序列变化,这些变化可让产生的蛋白质能够阻止药物结合,同时仍然在细胞内执行其正常功能。

研究小组集中在一种新的实验性药物,这种药物通过结合和抑制一种细菌酶(称为二氢叶酸还原酶,DHFR,在DNA构建和其他过程中发挥至关重要的作用)而起作用。这种药物称为炔丙基连接叶酸拮抗物,有望作为MRSA感染的一种治疗方法,但是尚未进入人体试验。(文章详见--PNAS:美开发预测超级细菌耐药突变的软件

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=147499, encodeId=099514e499bb, content=总结的很好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 13 10:34:12 CST 2016, time=2016-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=147498, encodeId=451714e498ae, content=分享一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 13 10:34:07 CST 2016, time=2016-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=144398, encodeId=882f144398e6, content=好文章,长见识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Oct 11 15:06:14 CST 2016, time=2016-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=140524, encodeId=b29d1405241e, content=学习了,分享一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Oct 05 18:37:20 CST 2016, time=2016-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=136332, encodeId=72491363327b, content=学习了,很受益,谢谢分享,继续关注中!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3j7ibEWPiarwpqibEYqqX9yVibV5uebib0O7hQSOPmqGrb5FfyDbLsLawnz7ShAb5ibtiayWgI5ClMTh5v/0, createdBy=a47c1614293, createdName=童小孩, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 17:22:40 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321671, encodeId=4aa213216e169, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64049291048' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超级细菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92910, encryptionId=64049291048, topicName=超级细菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea13490, createdName=xqptu, createdTime=Tue Sep 20 14:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=131088, encodeId=df9b131088de, content=系统学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Mon Sep 19 23:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-13 1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称)

    总结的很好!

    0

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    2016-10-13 1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称)

    分享一下!

    0

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    2016-10-11 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    好文章,长见识

    0

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    2016-10-05 1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称)

    学习了,分享一下!

    0

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    2016-09-27 童小孩

    学习了,很受益,谢谢分享,继续关注中!

    0

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    2016-09-19 吴教授

    系统学习了。

    0

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