Elife:光遗传学与免疫工具结合,有望成为癌症治疗强大工具

2016-02-06 王英 生物通

免疫疗法是癌症研究的一个热门领域。毕竟,利用人体自身的细胞来对抗癌症,比起对整个系统产生损害的有毒化学物质,更为有效和更加低创。 美国德克萨斯A&M大学(Texas A&M University)健康科学中心生物科学与技术学院助理教授Yubin Zhou博士,致力于研究如何用光来控制免疫系统,并诱导其对抗癌症。Zhou博士2003年6月毕业于浙江大学医学院,2007年在美国乔

免疫疗法是癌症研究的一个热门领域。毕竟,利用人体自身的细胞来对抗癌症,比起对整个系统产生损害的有毒化学物质,更为有效和更加低创。

美国德克萨斯A&M大学(Texas A&M University)健康科学中心生物科学与技术学院助理教授Yubin Zhou博士,致力于研究如何用光来控制免疫系统,并诱导其对抗癌症。Zhou博士2003年6月毕业于浙江大学医学院,2007年在美国乔治亚州立大学获博士学位,曾在La Jolla研究所和哈佛医学院从事研究工作。他说:“虽然神经系统科学家很早就用光来刺激神经元,但这是第一次将称为光遗传学的技术,应用于免疫系统。”在神经科学中,这个过程涉及基因工程细胞,用光敏微生物产生蛋白,并使神经细胞暴露于一种特定颜色的光时,会发送或停止发送神经冲动。Zhou说:“使用该技术,神经科学家已经了解了关于脑电路的许多信息,现在其它许多领域的研究人员正在做这样的尝试。”

在过去的一年里,光遗传学技术与CRISPR等技术一起,成为生命科学领域的热门技术。并被《Nature Methods》评选为2016年最值得关注的几项技术之一。Zhou和他的合作者已经修改了这项技术用于免疫系统。这不是一件容易的事:与神经细胞不同,免疫细胞不使用微小的电脉冲来交流。此外,免疫细胞在身体深处,并不断地移动,所以光可能很难到达它们。

这一发展采取了一些独创性和合作。Zhou说:“我们与麻省大学医学院的Gang Han博士合作,他致力于生物纳米技术和光医学发展。同时,我们能够将国家最先进的光遗传学方法与尖端纳米技术结合起来。”这种方法称为光遗传学免疫调节,相关结果发表在最近《eLife》。北京师范大学的王友军教授也是本文共同作者。

Zhou说:“这项工作是由实验室的优秀科学家完成的:研究生Lian He、Peng Tan,博士后Guolin Ma博士,他们勇敢地承担了这项艰巨的工程,克服了所有的具有挑战性的障碍,使这种技术变成现实。”

用这种方法,研究人员可以控制免疫细胞的作用,并“指导”它们杀死癌细胞。他们使用近红外激光束——可以穿透到深处,在本研究中,意味着深入到组织内一两厘米的深度,在那里,一个纳米粒子把近红外光变成蓝光,并指导基因工程免疫细胞的活动。Zhou说:“我们能够以无线方式控制深埋在组织中的免疫细胞的作用。”

该研究小组通过基因工程设计了免疫细胞,使一种钙调节蛋白变得对光敏感。当它们接触到纳米颗粒发出的蓝光时,其钙离子门打开。当切断光线时,钙离子门关闭。更多的光会导致更大的钙离子流,所以研究人员能够很好地调节免疫细胞的钙依赖性行为,对抗入侵的病原体或肿瘤细胞。

当向一个动物肿瘤模型注射纳米粒子和感光基因工程免疫细胞后,近红外激光束可引起钙通道打开,这将提高免疫反应帮助杀死癌细胞。Zhou说:“该技术降低了肿瘤大小和转移,因此有很多的应用价值。”

这种方法的一个优点是,它只会激活某些类型的免疫细胞、树突状细胞或T细胞,只在身体的一部分,靠近引流淋巴结或肿瘤,这有助于减少化疗中经常见到的副作用。它也是光可调的、非侵入性的,并且具有很高的时间分辨率,换句话说,当需要时它可以打开,当不需要时它可以关闭。

这项研究的影响是深远的。Zhou说:“其他科学家将可能使用这种技术,帮助他们研究免疫、心脏和其他类型的细胞——它们使用钙来执行任务。这是一项相当酷的技术。有了这些工具,我们现在不仅可以解决我们以前从未解决的基本科学问题,也可以将它转化到诊所用于疾病干预。”

同时,Zhou的实验室已经应用这种技术,构建了一种方法来更有效地筛选潜在的抗癌药物。Zhou说:“如果成功的话,所有这些努力将能显著改善当前的癌症免疫疗法,将个性化治疗精确到何时和哪里需要,同时减少副作用。”

原始出处:

He L, Zhang Y, Ma G, Tan P, Li Z, Zang S, Wu X, Jing J, Fang S, Zhou L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Hogan PG, Han G, Zhou Y.Near-infrared photoactivatable control of Ca(2+) signaling and optogenetic immunomodulation. Elife. 2015 Dec 8;4. pii: e10024. doi: 10.7554/eLife.10024.

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    2016-11-11 clmlylxy
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    2016-11-19 膀胱癌
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    2016-02-07 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    他山之石

    0

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    2016-02-07 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

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12月24日,The Scientist评选出了“Top Technical Advances 2015”,成像、光遗传学、单细胞分析以及基因编辑技术CRISIPR入选。那么,我们就一起看看这四大技术在过去的一年中都取得了哪些进展吧。 成像 今年,生命科学的成像领域打破了过去的壁垒,科学家们通过显微镜学方法越来越深入的观察到了生命组织。 Spectrometer-free vib

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吃到美食(尤其是甜食)根本停不下来,相信每一个吃货都有过这样的经历。对于人类来说,进食已经不仅是生存需要更是一种享受,甚至是一种“瘾”。 现在,强迫性进食和糖瘾已经成为了人类健康的重要威胁,但对此进行干涉又可能会影响正常的进食行为。本期Cell杂志上发表的两项研究,通过光遗传学技术将正常的进食行为与寻求奖赏的进食分开,鉴定了强制性进食的神经基础,为治疗这种疾病提供了新的靶标。

光遗传学开路,大脑的秘密要“曝光”了

光遗传学不仅能用于研究高级复杂的神经活动,成为探知大脑秘密的钥匙,还能用于临床上的治疗,有望将这项技术应用于视网膜病变失明的患者身上,让患者重见光明。 神经生物学先驱卡哈尔(Santiago Ramón y Cajal)曾将他看到的脑组织喻为“坚不可摧的丛林”,以示其结构复杂、探索艰难。 而自从伽利略时代起,“想研究,先控制”就成了科学探索的圭臬,只有能够控制实验现象中的各