Nature Nanotechnology:再生医学突破!这一小小的芯片,可在一秒的接触内实现皮肤细胞的重编程

2017-08-09 Flora 生物探索

8月7日,《Nature Nanotechnology》期刊在线发表一篇文章,揭示了一种非侵入性重编程皮肤细胞的新技术。来自于俄亥俄州立大学再生医学和细胞疗法中心的研究团队开发出一个可移植、拇指指甲大小的硅芯片,能够在一秒钟的接触内启动皮肤细胞的重编程,将其转变成体内所需的任何一种其他类型的细胞。


图片来源:俄亥俄州立大学再生医学和细胞疗法中心

    8月7日,《Nature Nanotechnology》期刊在线发表一篇文章,揭示了一种非侵入性重编程皮肤细胞的新技术。来自于俄亥俄州立大学再生医学和细胞疗法中心的研究团队开发出一个可移植、拇指指甲大小的硅芯片,能够在一秒钟的接触内启动皮肤细胞的重编程,将其转变成体内所需的任何一种其他类型的细胞。

    这一非侵入性技术被称为“组织转染”(tissue nanotransfection,TNT),可以在病人体内生成任何一种所需的细胞,用于组织修复。

1何为TNT?

    TNT是一种纳米级电穿孔技术,能够在细胞外膜中产生临时通道,将新的细胞重编程因子直接植入表皮皮肤细胞。

    TNT有两个关键的组成部分:1)基于纳米技术的芯片,用于装载、运输“货物”至活体细胞;2)负责细胞重编程的“货物”,可以将成体细胞转变成其他类型的细胞。

    当装载有必要重编程因子的芯片被放置于皮肤上后,通过连接一个微弱的电脉冲,在细胞膜形成微小通道,从而促使重编程基因进入皮肤细胞。

    “因为电流幅度很小,这种方法能够以最小的侵入性实现转染。” 文章通讯作者、化学和生物分子工程学教授L. James Lee表示道。

2一次接触

    TNT技术不需要借助实验室设备或者处理,能够快速应用于救治现场。整个过程仅仅通过粘贴皮肤表面的芯片完成,且时间不到一秒。

    “你所需要的只是装载有重编程因子的芯片,以及一个电源。” 俄亥俄州立大学Wexner医疗中心再生医学和细胞疗法主任、综合创伤中心的执行主任Chandan Sen解释道,“我们可以使用这一技术将皮肤细胞转换成任何一种细胞,用于治疗局部组织、器官的损伤和疾病。”

3皮肤作为一个“生产车间”

    研究人员认为,依赖这一创新技术,患者的皮肤可以作为一个“生产车间”,用于产生和提供再生治疗所需的细胞。例如,我们可以在3-4周的时间内在小鼠的皮肤上产生了成千上万的神经元,最终将它们采集、移植到小鼠大脑内。

    目前,他们已经在小鼠、猪身上得到验证,TNT技术能够让皮肤细胞重编程生成完整的血管,且新生产的血管可以与已有的血管组织融合,用于修复坏死的皮瓣、挽救严重受损的缺血性腿伤。

    在试验中,TNT技术能够在短短几周内将小鼠的皮肤细胞转变成功能正常的神经元,这些神经细胞可以从皮肤表层摘除并移植到动物大脑内,以逆转中风的损伤。
 
    他们认为,这一技术的潜在应用价值巨大。可以治疗皮肤损伤、生成神经元,还可以将皮肤细胞转变成能够感应血液中葡萄糖水平并分泌胰岛素的胰岛素B细胞。

    Chandan Sen教授展示这一有望革新医学诊疗的芯片,它能够将皮肤细胞转化为血管细胞,用于治疗小白鼠的严重伤口。


4转染率高达98%,临床试验有望在一年内开展

    作为一种非病毒式的基因传递技术,电穿孔疗法并不新鲜,但是大规模电穿孔技术的成功率却有限。“这是因为大规模电穿孔会让整个细胞膜具有渗透性,并对细胞骨架产生影响,削弱细胞的可塑性。相反,TNT仅仅打开微小的通道,只影响2%的细胞膜区域,从而不会抑制细胞的可塑性。使用TNT,我们实现了超98%的转染效率和细胞转变成功率。”
 
    这一最新研究表明,TNT不仅可以用于局部传递重编程因子,它还可以将重编程效果传播至更深层的皮肤组织细胞。因为被转染的表面细胞会释放一些化合物(包括信使RNA、蛋白质等),这些生物分子会进一步转染其他细胞。

    研究团队预期,在FDA批准的前提下,TNT技术的临床试验有望在一年之内开展,用于治疗缺血性肢体疾病。研究团队还与Walter Reed陆军医学中心合作,尝试利用TNT技术抢救肢体、周围神经受损的可行性。


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    2017-08-25 liye789132251
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    2017-09-29 shock_melon
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    2017-08-11 lixiaol
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