ST段抬高一定是心肌梗死吗?

2018-02-15 熊长明 肺血管病

尽管急性肺血栓栓塞症(急性肺栓塞)心电图(ECG)改变是非特异性的,但在急性肺栓塞的诊断和鉴别诊断中仍具有重要价值。不少急性肺栓塞的ECG表现为胸前导联的T波倒置,但表现为ST段抬高者非常少见。

尽管急性肺血栓栓塞症(急性肺栓塞)心电图(ECG)改变是非特异性的,但在急性肺栓塞的诊断和鉴别诊断中仍具有重要价值。不少急性肺栓塞的ECG表现为胸前导联的T波倒置,但表现为ST段抬高者非常少见。

临床资料】

患者,男,42岁,主因左下肢胀痛2个月余,活动后心悸20余天入院。患者于2个多月前坐车长途旅行后出现左小腿胀痛、肿胀,于当地县医院治疗,诊为“左下肢深静脉血栓形成”,经输液治疗16天(具体情况不详),患者左下肢肿胀缓解,但活动时间长后仍感左下肢胀、乏力,近20余天前患者出现于活动量较大时(如快跑)感心悸不适,程度不重,但与以往不同,无明显气促、胸闷,无晕厥、胸痛、咯血,此后自行限制活动量。6天前于当地医院检查,诊断“左下肢深静脉血栓形成”,但未服药治疗。

3天前患者来我院急诊行肺动脉增强CT(图27-1)证实为“双侧多发肺栓塞”,床旁心脏超声示“心内结构及血流大致正常”,核素肺灌注显像(图27-2)为多发灌注缺损,符合肺栓塞改变,左下肢深静脉血栓形成,心电图检查(图27-3)未见明显异常。动脉血气分析PO2 79.4mmHg,PCO2 38.7mmHg。


图27-1 晕厥前肺动脉增强CT:多发肺动脉内充盈缺损,符合肺栓塞
 

图27-2 核素肺灌注及双下肢静脉显像:多发肺灌注缺损,左下肢深静脉血栓形成

 
图27-3 晕厥前心电图:无明显异常

结合上述检查诊断:1.急性多发性肺动脉血栓栓塞症,2.左下肢深静脉血栓形成。给予那曲肝素钙(速避林)0.4ml皮下注射,Q12h。嘱其绝对卧床休息,近3天患者平卧休息状态下未感胸闷、气促。患者于入院后第4天晨7:20擅自下床去厕所大便,用力后突然倒地。查体:R 32次/分,口唇发绀,HR 141次/分,血压测不到。立即行心肺复苏,心电图(图27-4)示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1~4弓背向上抬高0.1~0.4mV,超声心动图:左心室舒张末期内径35mm,右心室内径36mm,右心室扩大,估测肺动脉收缩压为64mmHg。动脉血气分析:pH 7.41,PO2 40.2mmHg,PCO2 33.7mmHg;给予多巴胺静脉推注,多巴胺、肾上腺素静脉泵入;考虑急性肺栓塞再发,给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)100mg静脉溶栓治疗。15分钟后患者呼吸困难缓解,R 22次/分,BP 95/65mmHg。动脉血气分析:pH 7.44,PO2119mmHg,PCO237.9mmHg(吸氧状态下)。心电图(图27-5、图27-6)示抬高的ST段很快回到等电位线。

发病当日和次日查心肌酶未见异常,2周后冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉正常,亦未见节段性室壁运动。


图27-4 晕厥时心电图:前壁和下壁导联ST段抬高,窦性心动过速,呈SⅠQⅢ型

 
图27-5 溶栓后2小时ECG:抬高的ST段很快回到等电位线
 

图27-6 溶栓后次日ECG:SⅠQⅢ消失,心率减慢,下壁及前壁导联T波倒置

【讨论】

急性肺栓塞特别是大面积肺栓塞常出现类似冠心病,特别是心肌梗死的ECG表现,如V1~4T波倒置等。程显声等报道42.3%的急性肺栓塞患者ECG表现为V1~4T波倒置。Ferrari等报道85%的大面积肺栓塞患者出现V1~4T波倒置,而19%的非大面积肺栓塞患者ECG表现为V1~4T波倒置。这种ECG变化易导致急性肺栓塞误诊为心内膜下心肌梗死。而急性肺栓塞ECG表现为下壁或胸前导联ST段抬高者非常少见,极易误诊为心肌梗死

本例患者有明确的肺栓塞和下肢深静脉血栓形成病史,住院期间突发晕厥、呼吸困难、休克、低氧血症和右心负荷增加,诊断为急性大面积肺栓塞。值得注意的是患者发病时ECG表现为STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1~4弓背向上抬高0.1~0.4mV,极易误诊为ST段抬高急性心肌梗死。但分析其发病全过程以及心电图的特征仍可与急性ST段抬高性急性心肌梗死相鉴别:①既往有肺栓塞和下肢深静脉血栓形成病史,突发气短、晕厥,严重低氧血症;②以呼吸困难为主,而无胸痛等症状;③虽然ECG表现为STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1~4弓背向上抬高0.1~0.4mV,但与发病前ECG比较仍可发现急性肺栓塞特征性的ECG改变,如Ⅰ导联出现S波,Ⅲ导联出现Q波,呈SⅠQⅢ型、不完性右束支传导阻滞、窦性心动过速、电轴右偏等;④超声心动图提示右心室扩大,肺动脉高压,而无室壁运动异常。

急性肺栓塞出现类似急性心肌梗死的ECG表现,其机制尚不清楚,可能与急性大面积肺栓塞引起肺动脉压力急剧升高、右心室室壁张力升高、心肌耗氧量增加、心搏出量减少和冠状动脉供血降低有关,最终导致心肌缺血损伤。

心电图是最简单、方便的检查手段,使用恰当有助于诊断急性肺栓塞,否则成为误诊的依据。多数急性肺栓塞患者心电图能找到特征性改变,要仔细识别心电图的细微变化特别是动态变化。急性肺栓塞特征性ECG改变如:Ⅰ导联出现S波;Ⅲ导联出现Q波和T波倒置;呈SⅠQⅢTⅢ;Ⅰ导联S波的动态变化意义更大;V1和V3R-5RS波有挫折和粗顿;右束支传导阻滞;窦性心动过速;电轴右偏;顺钟向转位等。此外,超声心动图提示右心扩大、肺动脉高压将有助于提示肺栓塞,但心脏超声正常不能排除急性肺栓塞。临床上如果患者存在以下因素时应疑诊急性肺栓塞,并进行相应的检查:①既往存在DVT病史或DVT的易患因素。②症状多以劳力性气短、胸闷或晕厥为主,部分患者有胸痛,随呼吸可加重。③动脉血气为低氧、低碳酸血症。④冠脉造影正常的劳力性胸闷、气短患者。⑤不明原因的D-二聚体升高。

本例患者突发意识丧失,病情危重,尽管无法行肺动脉CT造影检查确诊,但临床医师根据患者发病前VET病史、动脉血气特点、心电图和超声心动图的变化等综合判断,考虑为急性肺栓塞再发,患者属大面积肺栓塞,明显影响血流动力学,应选择尽快静脉溶栓治疗,以恢复血流动力学。

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288598, encodeId=8466288598a1, content=ST段抬高心电图解析., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 08:12:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423057, encodeId=22c4142305e9f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624381, encodeId=daba1624381ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288207, encodeId=d89a28820eb0, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 15 16:05:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288155, encodeId=05a228815596, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 10:31:08 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-17 jyzxjiangqin

    ST段抬高心电图解析.

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288598, encodeId=8466288598a1, content=ST段抬高心电图解析., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 08:12:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423057, encodeId=22c4142305e9f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624381, encodeId=daba1624381ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288207, encodeId=d89a28820eb0, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 15 16:05:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288155, encodeId=05a228815596, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 10:31:08 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-17 gdsun
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288598, encodeId=8466288598a1, content=ST段抬高心电图解析., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 08:12:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423057, encodeId=22c4142305e9f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624381, encodeId=daba1624381ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288207, encodeId=d89a28820eb0, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 15 16:05:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288155, encodeId=05a228815596, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 10:31:08 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-17 hyf035
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288598, encodeId=8466288598a1, content=ST段抬高心电图解析., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 08:12:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423057, encodeId=22c4142305e9f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624381, encodeId=daba1624381ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288207, encodeId=d89a28820eb0, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 15 16:05:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288155, encodeId=05a228815596, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 10:31:08 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-15 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章.学习了.

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288598, encodeId=8466288598a1, content=ST段抬高心电图解析., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 08:12:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423057, encodeId=22c4142305e9f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624381, encodeId=daba1624381ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Sat Feb 17 01:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288207, encodeId=d89a28820eb0, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 15 16:05:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288155, encodeId=05a228815596, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 10:31:08 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-15 情途末路

    学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享

    0

相关资讯

冠脉造影正常,凭什么说心梗?

心梗的主要病因在冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的基础上,不稳定斑块破裂诱发血栓堵塞血管所致。但还有10%~15%的心梗发生在冠状动脉造影无明显异常及一些非动脉粥样硬化性疾病的患者。

Diabetes Care:血浆结缔组织生长因子(CTGF/CCN2)水平预测糖尿病患者心肌梗死!

由此可见,该研究表明高水平的CTGF/CCN2可预测2型糖尿病患者未来的MI和心血管死亡风险。

扭转局势,拯救衰弱心脏!

血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂的研发、临床试验的验证,正在打开希望之门,开启心衰治疗的新纪元。

Circulation:二级预防用药依从性对患者的影响!

急性心肌梗死(MI)后患者对药物的依从性对于改善长期预后非常重要。近期,一项发表在杂志Circulation上的研究验证了美国医院在心梗后药物治疗依从性方面是否存在显着差异,在心梗后药物依从性较高的医院接受治疗的患者是否具有更好的长期心血管预后。研究者们自2007年1月1日至2010年1月10日期间,从347家美国医院参与急性冠脉治疗和干预结局网络注册 - 获取指南(ACTION注册表-GWTG)

Crit Care Med:体外膜肺氧合治疗心肌梗死后生存率的预测 !

由此可见,在这种单中心研究重,几个重要的协变量与急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克接受体外膜式氧合治疗的患者生存率的改善相关。