Nature:兴奋剂能让运动员变多强?

2016-08-08 龚唯 刘少媚 澎湃新闻

2015年11月俄罗斯田径界大规模系统性服用兴奋剂的丑闻正式曝光。一直以来,兴奋剂被列为体育禁药,运动员服用兴奋剂会影响赛事的公平并受到严厉惩罚,国际田联对俄罗斯田径队实施全球禁赛,里约奥运会俄罗斯田径项目除克里什娜一位运动员可参赛外全部遭禁。兴奋剂到底能帮助运动员提高多少成绩,能使俄罗斯铤而走险大规模使用兴奋剂?《自然》杂志脑洞大开,对兴奋剂到底能帮助运动员提高多少成绩进行了研究。兴奋剂有多种,


2015年11月俄罗斯田径界大规模系统性服用兴奋剂的丑闻正式曝光。一直以来,兴奋剂被列为体育禁药,运动员服用兴奋剂会影响赛事的公平并受到严厉惩罚,国际田联对俄罗斯田径队实施全球禁赛,里约奥运会俄罗斯田径项目除克里什娜一位运动员可参赛外全部遭禁。

兴奋剂到底能帮助运动员提高多少成绩,能使俄罗斯铤而走险大规模使用兴奋剂?《自然》杂志脑洞大开,对兴奋剂到底能帮助运动员提高多少成绩进行了研究。

兴奋剂有多种,促蛋白合成类固醇(Anabolic Steroids)是最常见的一种。它可以触发蛋白质的合成,刺激肌肉的生长,从而达到增加肌肉力量的目的。根据《自然》杂志,这类兴奋剂在和运动共同作用下可以使男性肌肉力量增加38%,女性服用效果更明显。加利福尼亚州立大学的Thomas D. Fahey试验表明,服用类固醇可以使运动员体重平均增加约4磅,去脂体重平均增加约6磅,举重运动员来在进行仰卧推举和蹲举时,他们的负重可以分别平均增加约15磅和30磅。

另外一种常见兴奋剂是人类生长激素(Growth Hormone),同样的,它也可以刺激肌肉的生长,但其生长效果仍待商榷。2010年,Meinhardt在《内科医学年鉴》第152期发表的研究证明,服用人类生长激素可以使运动员的冲刺能力增加4%。这看起来似乎微不足道,但对于想要破纪录的运动员来说,人类生长激素可以使他们的速度在每10秒内提高0.1秒。

此外,还有一类血液兴奋剂—— 促红细胞生成素(EPO)——在提高运动员耐力方面发挥关键性作用。运动员服用它可以提高携带氧气的红细胞的数量,即提高自身的供氧量。1980年,别克发表在《应用生理学》第48卷第4期的实验证明,血液兴奋剂可以使人体耐力增加34%。若运动员服用EPO,他们在跑步机上跑8公里的时间将比之前缩短44秒。

但也有大量医学研究发现兴奋剂的毒副作用,如类固醇,过量浓度的类固醇会影响男性正常的性功能,导致脱发、不育,甚至乳房发育。于女性而言,过量浓度的类固醇会导致刺激男性特征的发育,使女性脸部、身体毛发量增多、声带加厚、抑制或干扰月经周期等。并且这种改变可能是永久性的。

“如果我可以给你一颗药丸,吃了它你可以拿得奥运金牌,但是我要在一年后杀了你,你愿意吗?” 在1967年,约翰斯霍普金斯医学院的教学研究员,马里兰大学副教授,Gabe Mirkin博士曾就此在华盛顿特区举行的公路赛前做过一个调查问卷询问多名运动员。在约100名调查运动员中,超过一半的人选择药丸。

不难看出,奥运金牌在运动员心中是极其重要的,这也是为什么即使兴奋剂有巨大的副作用,运动员仍愿意冒着禁赛的巨大风险服用。

相关会议推荐
2016天然药物研讨会:http://www.bioon.com/z/2016natural-products/Index.shtml

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881242, encodeId=aaef1881242b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Mon Feb 06 08:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105484, encodeId=2a061054849f, content=赞!文章有深度,值得收藏拜读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 12:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604576, encodeId=f9c716045e61b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88e6941544c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#运动员#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94154, encryptionId=88e6941544c, topicName=运动员)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c1419230799, createdName=gujh, createdTime=Wed Aug 10 04:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97162, encodeId=ea799e1628b, content=好好看下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 22:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97161, encodeId=93089e161db, content=好好看下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 22:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96913, encodeId=df459691309, content=各行各业都有很大压力。。只求继续生活, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 15:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96907, encodeId=a7549690eb5, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 14:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-06 仁心济世
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    2016-08-27 ylzr123

    赞!文章有深度,值得收藏拜读。

    0

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    2016-08-10 gujh
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    2016-08-09 忠诚向上

    好好看下

    0

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    2016-08-09 忠诚向上

    好好看下

    0

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    2016-08-08 jasonuclear

    各行各业都有很大压力。。只求继续生活

    0

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    2016-08-08 Guoxj3234

    继续学习

    0

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