世界防治结核病日:面对耐药的挑战

2018-03-25 田栋梁 医学界感染频道

今年的3月24日是全球第23个“世界防治结核病日”,世界卫生组织发布的主题为“发挥领导力,终结结核病”;中国的主题也呼应了世卫组织的主题:开展终结结核行动,共建共享健康中国。

今年的3月24日是全球第23个“世界防治结核病日”,世界卫生组织发布的主题为“发挥领导力,终结结核病”;中国的主题也呼应了世卫组织的主题:开展终结结核行动,共建共享健康中国。

发现病人,治愈病人

在人类历史上,迄今已经有10亿人被结核病杀死,直到今天它还是人类要面对的最严重的传染病之一,去年有170万人死于结核病,高于艾滋病所造成的100万人的死亡人数。

数据显示,中国的估算发病率为64/10万人,低于全球估算发病率142/10万人,但由于中国人口基数大,在全球1040万估算发病人数中,中国有89.5万人,以8.6%的发病人数占比居全球第3位。报告发病数仍居甲乙类传染病的第二位。


王黎霞主任

人类在应对传染病过程中所积累下的经验:控制传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群这三个环节,在结核病面前显得有些无力。在近期由北京大学新媒体研究院社会化媒体研究中心和比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会联合举办的第三届结核病议题与健康传播媒体培训班上,中国疾控中心结核病预防控制中心王黎霞主任表示:“虽然现在预防结核病我们有疫苗,但疫苗并不完美,卡介苗的保护作用有限,不能保护成人不得结核病,而把所有结核病人都隔离起来也不现实,所以最有效的方式还是及时发现病人并治愈病人,这是最有效手段。”

随着抗结核药物的逐步普及,我国在防治结核病方面进步巨大。从上世纪80年代开始逐步在全国推广现代结核病控制策略,使我国结核疫情得到有效遏制。2011年以来,我国肺结核的报告发病率和死亡率继续呈现逐年下降趋势,每年以3%的幅度递降,明显高于全球1.5%的递降幅度。

但是治愈结核病并非易事,尤其是耐药结核病的治疗困难很多。复旦大学基础医学院高谦教授表示:普通结核病人疗程为6—9个月,而耐多药(MDR)结核病人需要18个月到两年,并且只有不到50%的治愈率。除此之外费用也是一个大问题,普通结核病一个疗程仅需药费2000元左右,而MDR病人保守估计也要8万元,如果用最新药品可能高达十几万。

高谦教授说:“50%的死亡率,一定程度上说明MDR是不治之症,每年全球48万MDR结核患者中,中国有5.8万人,在全球排在第二位。”

我国应加大耐药结核病控制的力度

耐药结核病的产生有两方面的原因,一是归因于获得性耐药问题,即主要是因治疗不当所产生,二是没有治疗或没有治愈的耐药结核病患者传播产生的。一个在全国5个研究现场得出的结果显示:平均58%的MDR结核病是从来没有被治疗过的病人。对此高谦教授表示,我国敏感结核病的治愈率至少达到了85%,结核病患者复治病人占比较小,即使复治病人的耐药率高,但因其病例数少,所以在所有MDR病人中,复治病人的构成比还是低于初治病人。


高谦教授

为了区分MDR到底是传播导致还是治疗不当所致,高谦教授又通过研究数据证明:超过80%的MDR病人是传播所致,20%病人是真正在治疗过程中产生。而且约1/3的MDR结核病人是近期传播导致,这也提示MDR的传播很严重,有43%的病人是感染1-2年后发病的。

虽然中国MDR结核病人位居世界第二,但目前为止我国只发现了20%左右的MDR病人,还有百分之七八十的MDR病人没有及时发现并获得规范的治疗。高谦教授指出,我国绝大多数病人都还仅仅只做涂片诊断,但这无法鉴定是否耐药,而在临床上对于结核病人一定要知道耐药情况才能制定针对性治疗方案,但由于技术限制,目前耐药检测结果要等一两个月后才能出来,所以限制了MDR病人的发现工作。高谦教授认为,我们迫切需要推广早期诊断快速检测方法。

由于我国80%以上MDR结核病人是传播导致,所以高谦教授提醒,这种情况下应该加大耐药结核病控制的力度。首先一定要重视传染源的发现,对所有的结核病人都应该做耐药检测,尽快找出所有MDR病人,而要找出这些病人首先要普及耐药结核病快速诊断的技术。第二,要有相应的法律法规限制MDR患者的行动,减少传染源的传播。第三,让医生在知道病人耐药情况的基础上来制定治疗方案,实现精准治疗。

尽管MDR结核病的发现、治疗很重要,但王黎霞主任表示,要从源头上避免治疗不当产生耐药,也就是说预防和控制两个方面都要抓,缺一不可。

“结核病不仅是医疗问题,更是社会问题。”高谦教授说,“结核病通过空气传播,我国有1/5的人群感染过结核,其中10%的人会变成结核病人,受影响人群很大,与每个人密切相关,健康中国应该是没有结核病的中国。”

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    2018-03-26 Ramsey

    这个还是挺可怕的

    0

  3. 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Mar 26 00:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299695, encodeId=03762996952f, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Mar 26 00:11:33 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299682, encodeId=e10329968242, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 23:52:55 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299676, encodeId=75a62996e6e1, content=抗生素滥用很普遍.这也能增加耐药风险., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/03/25/ac617363fe5f8639baeefddd777fe48a.jpg, createdBy=aad52307677, createdName=烹茶静思, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 23:46:42 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299658, encodeId=7505299658ca, content=^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-26 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.继续关注

    0

  4. 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    2018-03-26 183****7028

    学习

    0

  5. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-26 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

  6. 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Mar 26 00:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299695, encodeId=03762996952f, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Mar 26 00:11:33 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299682, encodeId=e10329968242, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 23:52:55 CST 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createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:52:10 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299654, encodeId=963e299654ff, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:51:23 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299652, encodeId=42c4299652ad, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-25 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

  7. 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createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Mon Mar 26 09:39:13 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299793, encodeId=af41299e936d, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 26 07:38:59 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299697, encodeId=ef5129969e44, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Mon 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createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:52:10 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299654, encodeId=963e299654ff, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:51:23 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299652, encodeId=42c4299652ad, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-25 烹茶静思

    抗生素滥用很普遍.这也能增加耐药风险.

    0

  8. 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createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:52:10 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299654, encodeId=963e299654ff, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:51:23 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299652, encodeId=42c4299652ad, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-25 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

  9. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-25 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254154, encodeId=0b2d12541545a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Tue Mar 27 13:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299829, encodeId=4ae329982970, content=这个还是挺可怕的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI06MUzr7AI0nTlsgpDTRvVB51yAMdGfTKe8roX48ibEeqHD1dz3UibUa9SibU24UPLcEozJiaSB67WvQ/132, createdBy=fca0106828, createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Mon Mar 26 09:39:13 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299793, encodeId=af41299e936d, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 26 07:38:59 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299697, encodeId=ef5129969e44, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Mon Mar 26 00:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299695, encodeId=03762996952f, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Mar 26 00:11:33 CST 2018, time=2018-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299682, encodeId=e10329968242, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 23:52:55 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299676, encodeId=75a62996e6e1, content=抗生素滥用很普遍.这也能增加耐药风险., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/03/25/ac617363fe5f8639baeefddd777fe48a.jpg, createdBy=aad52307677, createdName=烹茶静思, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 23:46:42 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299658, encodeId=7505299658ca, content=^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:52:10 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299654, encodeId=963e299654ff, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:51:23 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299652, encodeId=42c4299652ad, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 22:40:39 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-25 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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