病人输液时胸闷呼吸困难,医生这样应对!

2018-04-15 纳洛酮 基层医师公社

输液时患者发生胸闷、呼吸困难,医护人员要立即作出应对处理!

输液时患者发生胸闷、呼吸困难,医护人员要立即作出应对处理!

话题

@kingking:有一个病人输液时发生胸闷、呼吸困难,应该怎么处理?


患者输液过程中发生胸闷、呼吸困难,是较为严重的情况,需要医护人员立即做出反应,及时应对、处理。

判断病因:1.药物过敏?2.输液反应?是输液过快诱发心衰还是空气栓塞?5.其他基础疾病加重?

临床综合判断,根据病因对症处理。

大原则先把握好:输液时胸闷、呼吸困难,暂停目前补液,先判断生命体征是否异常,有无意识障碍,是否需要开通气道?

第一反应需要排除严重过敏反应(过敏性休克)!

现场评估

查看患者的现用药和已用药物,再次询问患者“三史”:用药史、过敏史、家族史,应用头孢类药物者,询问饮酒史;用药前是否皮试;从头到脚查看患者身上是否有红斑、皮疹等;测量生命体征;综合评估患者各方面综合表现,如果血压偏低甚至休克;心率明显增快;呼吸频率明显升高;身上皮疹或者瘙痒需要考虑过敏反应,判断患者是否出现过敏性休克。

临床表现

一般发生在用药后5~20分钟内,最早出现的症状多为呼吸道症状和皮肤瘙痒。

(1)呼吸道阻塞症状:胸闷气短、喉头阻塞、呼吸困难、窒息、紫绀等,是由喉头水肿、支气管痉挛水肿和肺水肿等原因引起。

(2)循环衰竭症状:面色苍白、畏寒、冷汗、四肢发冷、烦躁不安、脉搏细弱、血压下降等。

(3)中枢神经系统症状:意识丧失、昏迷抽搐、大小便失禁等,可能由脑部缺氧引起。个别患者可产生失语、帕金森综合症等后遗症。

(4)皮肤过敏反应,如瘙痒、荨麻疹或其他皮疹。

(5)消化道症状:腹痛、腹泻、恶心呕吐等。

紧急抢救

(1)立即停药,就地平卧,报告医生,就地抢救。

(2)0.1%盐酸肾上腺素0.5~1ml,皮下或肌肉注射,具有收缩血管、增加外周阻力、兴奋心肌、增加心排血量及松弛支气管平滑肌的作用。如不缓解,可每隔30分钟皮下或静脉注射0.5ml,直至脱离危险。盐酸肾上腺素是抢救过敏性休克的药物。

(3)氧气吸入,必要时给予呼吸兴奋药(尼可刹米或洛贝林)。如有喉头水肿,应尽快行气管切开。

(4)遵医嘱给与地塞米松5~l0mg静脉注射或将琥珀酸钠氢可的松200~400mg+5%~10%葡萄糖溶液500ml,静脉滴注;给予抗组胺药,肌肉注射盐酸异丙嗪25~50mg或苯海拉明40mg。

(5)扩充血容量,纠正酸中毒。

(6)对症治疗,如给予升压药;对心搏骤停者立即行心肺复苏术、气管插管等。

(7)观察生命体征、尿量等,注意保暖。患者未脱离危险不宜搬动。

第二反应需要排除输液反应!

输液反应中,患者会发生胸闷、呼吸困难者,无怪乎以下两种情况:

1、循环负荷过重反应(急性肺水肿)

临床表现

咳嗽、胸闷与呼吸困难,咯粉红色泡沫样痰等。若患者病情严重,痰液会在鼻腔或者口腔中有涌出。对患者肺部区听诊时,会听见心率不齐、节奏快及湿啰音等。

现场评估

输液速度过快,是主要诱因。如若患者输液速度在病情和医生要求的适宜范围内,可排除之。

紧急处理

1.立即停止输液,指导患者端坐位,双下肢下垂,汇报值班医生。

2.高浓度给氧(6-8升/分),同时将湿化瓶内加入20%-30%乙醇或遵医嘱使用无创呼吸机。

3.遵医嘱使用强心、利尿、扩血管、镇静等药物。

4.必要时进行四肢轮扎,每隔5-10分钟轮流放松一侧肢体止血带。

5.给予心理护理。

6.记录抢救过程。

7.加强巡视,密切观察,重点交接班。

2、空气栓塞

空气栓塞是在输液过程中,以及人为因素下造成的空气进入机体内静脉、大血管、心脏,引起血液循环障碍、肺栓塞的现象。如进入的空气量较少,不会产生太大的危害;如进入的空气量较大,则会引起机体严重缺氧,甚至死亡的严重后果。

现场评估

若患者输液过程中,未出现大量空气进入血管等诱因,可排除之。

临床表现

患者会出现胸骨后疼痛或者胸部不适症状,呼吸困难和严重紫绀。在患者的心前区听诊时,还会听见水泡声。

紧急处理

1.立即关闭输液装置,置患者左侧卧位和头低脚高位,汇报值班医生。

2.密切观察患者病情变化,遵医嘱予氧气吸入(一般采用面罩或气管插管纯氧)及药物治疗。

3.给予心理护理。 match

4.记录病情变化及抢救经过。

5.重点交接班。

第三反应需要排除原发病基础病发生病情变化!

现场评估

患者原发病是什么?排除心肺疾患在输液过程中进行性加重。

现场应对

1、暂停输液,立即吸氧;

2、将患者转移至抢救区域进行抢救;

3、测量生命体征,连接监护仪,迅速准确的查体;

4、测量生命体征和查体的时候,同时行床边心电图检查,明确有无急性冠脉综合征可能,必要时复查心电图。如明确急冠,给予抗血小板改善冠脉供血治疗,联系住院行PCI或溶栓。若端坐呼吸,肺部湿罗音,伴或不伴浮肿,高血压病史,考虑急性左心衰,给予利尿强心扩管处理。

5、呼吸道梗阻者,开放气道。再根据危险行排查并做出相应治疗。

6、如果氧饱和度低,肺部明显干湿罗音,或呼吸音改变考虑肺源性问题(肺部感染、气胸、肺栓塞等),需完善血常规及肺部CT检查,进行下一步的处理。

7、如果以上均排除,需考虑有无过度换气存在,完善电解质,血气检查,按癔症处理。

8、必要、及时的心理疏导。无论患者属于哪一种临床情况,都要尽快明确原因,安抚患者,进行心理安慰,与家属反复沟通,交代病情。

有条件者,就地抢救。无条件抢救者,在做好紧急应对的同时,尽快把患者紧急转运到有条件救治的医院,接受进一步的治疗和护理。

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    2018-04-23 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-04-15 李东泽

    很好的学习材料.对临床和科研都有很大帮助作用.水滴石穿.不断积累.

    0

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    2018-04-15 orangesking

    学习

    0

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    2018-04-15 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

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    2018-04-15 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-04-15 祝您健康

    很接地气.适合临床一线医生参考!

    0

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