法学实战者关于“最高法医疗纠纷适用法律的解释”的解释

2017-12-15 胡晓翔 中国医学论坛报

这是学界期待已久的一件大事。浏览一过,感觉总体而言,吸纳了基层司法实践的广泛需求与有益探索,在不抵触原则下,有效因应了实务里大量纠结的情形,对今后的依法定分止争,相对统一适法尺度,会起到很大的作用。

最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于审理医疗损害责任纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,自2017年12月14日起施行。

这是学界期待已久的一件大事。浏览一过,感觉总体而言,吸纳了基层司法实践的广泛需求与有益探索,在不抵触原则下,有效因应了实务里大量纠结的情形,对今后的依法定分止争,相对统一适法尺度,会起到很大的作用。

一、关于急危患者处置的知情同意问题

关于急危患者处置的知情同意问题,敏感,复杂,矛盾尖锐。现也有一些规定。

《医师法》第二十四条

对急危患者,医师应当采取紧急措施进行诊治;不得拒绝急救处置。

《医疗机构管理条例》

第三十一条  医疗机构对危重病人应当立即抢救。对限于设备或者技术条件不能诊治的病人,应当及时转诊。

第三十三条  医疗机构施行手术、特殊检查或者特殊治疗时,必须征得患者同意,并应当取得其家属或者关系人同意并签字;无法取得患者意见时,应当取得家属或者关系人同意并签字;无法取得患者意见又无家属或者关系人在场,或者遇到其他特殊情况时,经治医师应当提出医疗处置方案,在取得医疗机构负责人或者被授权负责人员的批准后实施。

《侵权责任法》

第五十六条  因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况,不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的,经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准,可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。

以上规定,不够细致,实践中多有不便。而《最高人民法院关于审理医疗损害责任纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的第十八条的规定,就比较细化了:

因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况且不能取得患者意见时,下列情形可以认定为侵权责任法第五十六条规定的不能取得患者近亲属意见:

(一)近亲属不明的;

(二)不能及时联系到近亲属的;

(三)近亲属拒绝发表意见的;

(四)近亲属达不成一致意见的;

(五)法律、法规规定的其他情形。

前款情形,医务人员经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准立即实施相应医疗措施,患者因此请求医疗机构承担赔偿责任的,不予支持;医疗机构及其医务人员怠于实施相应医疗措施造成损害,患者请求医疗机构承担赔偿责任的,应予支持。”

尤其是第(三)和第(四)项,极具实践意义。这样,该怎么做,不该做啥,就较为清晰了。

二、涉案医患关系与医疗技术鉴定

当然,也还有一些问题,有待在今后进一步予以明确。

我们知道,当下医疗损害赔偿案件的依法处理,最大的两个问题,一个是涉案医患关系的法律属性判定,一个是技术鉴定。

前者,司法实务里,基本上是不加判定,一律当成民事侵权损害,适用民事法律处理。这是值得商榷的。鉴于医疗卫生服务的内容和性质的多样性,涉案的医患关系,既可能是民事法律关系,也可能是行政法律关系,那就是行政侵权,理当适用行政侵权责任法,即国家赔偿的法律体系。例如,一类疫苗接种不良反应产生危害后果的,甲类传染病强制隔离诊疗中的侵权损害,地震灾民接受国家医疗救援队的诊治纷争……都不是或不单纯是民事法律体系的问题。“司法解释”如果能对此有个提醒性条款,是很有必要的。

而关于鉴定问题,目前最大的问题是法医跨行鉴定,到自己不会、不懂也无资质的临床医疗领域里臧否诊疗行为,其鉴定意见,如何能科学公正呢!可惜,本“解释”本文在此方面,基本没有触及。但是,令人眼前一亮的是,在“答记者问”里出现了这么一段话:“涉及临床医学方面专门性问题的鉴定,应当具备临床医学鉴定方面的资质要求;涉及法医学方面专门性问题的,应当具备法医学方面的资质要求。”(见《为构建和谐医患关系推进健康中国建设提供司法保障——最高人民法院研究室负责人就〈最高人民法院关于审理医疗损害责任纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释〉答记者问》)绝对精彩!这就是说,医疗损害鉴定,必须保证同行鉴定的基本原则。这对当下各地的地方法规里,由法医类司法鉴定资质承接医疗损害鉴定的模式,是当头棒喝。问题是抓得准了,就看怎么落实了!

作者信息:胡晓翔,中国卫生法学会常务理事、学术委员会副主任委员 江苏省卫生法学会副会长 

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    2017-12-22 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-16 ewsr5
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    2017-12-16 jyzxjiangqin

    加快有关涉医闹法律立法.

    0

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    2017-12-15 chunjianf

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-15 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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