12类特殊儿童如何接种疫苗?专家共识来了

2019-11-08 朱海峤 医学界儿科频道

长期以来,特殊健康状态儿童是否存在接种禁忌,没有统一的说法。这给一线临床和预防接种医生,以及家长带来很多困惑。

长期以来,特殊健康状态儿童是否存在接种禁忌,没有统一的说法。这给一线临床预防接种医生,以及家长带来很多困惑。

由于预防接种在保障儿童健康中起到十分重要的作用,合理地把握不同健康状态下儿童的预防接种策略,是临床必须面对的现实。

为此,近年由上海、杭州和苏州三地的儿科专家和疾控专家合作,编写了“特殊健康状态儿童预防接种专家共识”系列文章.

为了便于大家阅读,笔者将这一系列共识内容整理并以问答的形式加以展现,可作为一线临床和预防接种医生,以及各位家长在儿童预防接种时的参考。

1、早产儿可以接种疫苗吗?

答:可以接种。早产儿可以接种各类疫苗(出生体重<2.5kg的早产儿接种卡介苗除外)。

乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阴性或是否阳性不详母亲所生的早产儿,应在出生后24h内尽早接种第1剂乙肝疫苗,接种之后1个月,再按0、1、6个月程序完成3剂次乙肝疫苗接种。

HBsAg阳性母亲所生早产儿,出生后接种第1剂乙肝疫苗的同时,在不同(肢体)部位肌肉注射100IU乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)。

危重早产儿应在生命体征平稳后尽早接种第1剂乙肝疫苗。

暂缓接种的情况:

出生体重<2.5kg的早产儿,暂缓接种卡介苗。待体重≥2.5kg,生长发育良好,可接种卡介苗。

2、哮喘的孩子可以接种疫苗吗?

答:可以接种。哮喘的缓解期(长期维持吸入哮喘药物包括低剂量吸入型糖皮质激素)

且健康情况较好时,应按免疫规划程序进行预防接种。以往麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹疫苗

(MMR)来自于鸡胚,对蛋类食物过敏的哮喘儿童,接种MMR、流感疫苗有发生严重过敏反应的风险。目前MMR疫苗来自于鸡胚成纤维细胞,发生不良反应的风险明显降低。

如对蛋类严重过敏的哮喘儿童,可在有抢救设备的场所和医务人员的监护下接种。

暂缓接种的情况:在哮喘急性发作(出现喘息、咳嗽、气促、胸闷等症状),尤其是全身应用糖皮质激素时(包括口服和静脉给药)应暂缓接种。根据美国免疫顾问委员会(ACIP)

的建议,停止全身应用糖皮质激素1个月,可正常接种。

3、原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)的孩子,能不能接种疫苗?

答:PID患儿原则上可以接种灭活疫苗。PID患儿与免疫功能正常者通常具有相同的安全性。

然而,PID患儿的免疫保护强度和持久性会降低。

由于PID种类繁多,有9大类,300多种。需要根据不同的PID类型区别对待,具体的情况需要做进一步的专业咨询。

(详见《特殊健康状态儿童预防接种专家共识之三——原发性免疫缺陷病的预防接种》)

4、食物过敏的孩子能不能接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。食物过敏的儿童可以按免疫程序正常接种;有蛋类严重全身过敏反应史的儿童,应在医疗机构监护下接种流感疫苗。

暂缓接种的情况:食物过敏的急性反应期(如并发哮喘、荨麻疹等)或接种部位皮肤异常

(湿疹、特应性皮炎等),应暂缓接种。

禁忌接种:对蛋类过敏者禁忌接种黄热病疫苗。

5、有先天性心脏病(CHD)的孩子能不能接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。生长发育良好、无临床症状,心功能无异常[如左心室射血分数(LVEF)≥60%];CHD患儿介入治疗术后,复查心功能无异常;CHD患儿外科术后3个月,复查心功能无异常。以上情况可以接种。

暂缓接种的情况:伴有心功能不全、严重肺动脉高压等并发症的CHD患儿;复杂发绀

(紫绀)型CHD患儿,需要多次住院手术者;需要专科评估的其他情形,如免疫缺陷、感染、严重营养不良、免疫抑制剂使用等的CHD患者。

6、有湿疹的孩子,能不能接种疫苗?

答:可以接种各类疫苗。接种时要避开湿疹部位。

7、有热性惊厥(FS)病史的孩子,能不能接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。对于单纯性FS,或非频繁性发作的热性惊厥(半年内发作<3次,且1年内发作<4次),既往没有惊厥持续状态(持续惊厥超过半小时),本次发热性疾病痊愈后,可按免疫程序接种各类疫苗,建议每次接种1剂次。

暂缓接种情况:对于复杂性FS,或短期内频繁惊厥发作(半年内发作≥3次,或1年内发作≥4次),建议专科门诊就诊。

8、有癫痫的孩子,能不能接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。6个月及以上未发作的癫痫患者(癫痫已控制),无论是否服用抗癫痫药物,可以接种所有疫苗。有癫痫家族史者也可以接种疫苗。

暂缓接种情况:近6个月内有癫痫发作的患者。

9、脑瘫的孩子,能否接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。脑瘫患儿可以按程序接种疫苗。

10、新生儿黄疸,能不能接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。生理性黄疸、母乳性黄疸患儿身体健康状况良好,可按免疫程序接种疫苗。

病理性黄疸患儿生命体征平稳,可正常接种乙肝疫苗。

暂缓接种情况:病理性黄疸患儿需及时查明病因,暂缓接种其他疫苗,建议前往专科门诊就诊。

11、患感染性疾病后,能否接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。急性感染性疾病患者,痊愈后可接种各类疫苗。

轻症急性感染性疾病患者,热退后可接种疫苗。

暂缓接种的情况:急性感染性腹泻:对此类患儿暂缓接种口服减毒活疫苗。

中度和重度的急性感染性疾病:包括肺炎、脑炎、脑膜炎、心肌炎、严重腹腔感染、严重泌尿系统感染等,对此类疾病患儿在疾病好转前暂缓接种疫苗。在疾病好转期,如有疫苗接种需求,建议前往免疫接种咨询门诊评估情况,决定是否接种。疾病完全恢复后,可以接种疫苗。

12、有肛周脓肿,可否接种疫苗?

答:可以接种。按免疫程序接种,脊灰疫苗基础免疫使用灭活疫苗(IPV),痊愈后加强免疫可接种IPV或减毒活疫苗(OPV)。

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    2019-12-08 moli花香

    这个挺好的

    0

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    2019-11-13 vcochan

    不错,收藏。。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1632359, encodeId=807e163235936, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6b055669ed7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#接种疫苗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56697, encryptionId=6b055669ed7, topicName=接种疫苗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5a0421898956, createdName=zz12341241, createdTime=Fri Feb 21 16:40:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1845686, encodeId=452d18456869b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Sun May 31 11:40:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376696, encodeId=516a3e6696dc, content=这个挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/01/19/e2397ac84f39640b04336fc6e570d5ee.jpg, createdBy=5d131658021, createdName=moli花香, createdTime=Sun Dec 08 12:42:35 CST 2019, time=2019-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375136, encodeId=ec3d3e51366f, content=不错,收藏。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/05/ea53ce4e48bc627a0c8d1ce5486bc3d2.jpg, createdBy=a2661696170, createdName=vcochan, createdTime=Wed Nov 13 23:28:14 CST 2019, time=2019-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375000, encodeId=39a13e5000b4, content=学习了,内容很全面!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/qMQzsoOHVHEY6Ah3SIT7o0mpDDOkUBEibKnUY91r53aNt8eVMBZTbahm8qVIFLKicIwFmW69DW1w0ugdAEkq0uDg/132, createdBy=4fb81657491, createdName=高山流水001, createdTime=Sun Nov 10 08:19:11 CST 2019, time=2019-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-10 高山流水001

    学习了,内容很全面!

    0