淀粉酶升高就是胰腺炎?你太单纯了 !

2016-09-02 倪润洲 (南通大学附属医院) 检验医学网

高淀粉酶血症是临床上经常遇到的情况,多数由急性胰腺炎所致,少数高淀粉酶血症与胰腺炎并无关联,往往因为误诊为急性胰腺炎而进行过度检查和治疗,不仅导致医疗资源不必要的浪费,而且也会对患者造成身心损伤。因此临床工作中要认真做好高淀粉酶血症病因的鉴别诊断。血清淀粉酶可分为唾液型淀粉酶(S-淀粉酶)和胰腺型淀粉酶(P-淀粉酶)。正常情况下S-淀粉酶和P-淀粉酶分别占血清总淀粉酶活性的60%和40%。S-

高淀粉酶血症是临床上经常遇到的情况,多数由急性胰腺炎所致,少数高淀粉酶血症与胰腺炎并无关联往往因为误诊为急性胰腺炎而进行过度检查和治疗,不仅导致医疗资源不必要的浪费,而且也会对患者造成身心损伤。因此临床工作中要认真做好高淀粉酶血症病因的鉴别诊断。




血清淀粉酶可分为唾液型淀粉酶(S-淀粉酶)和胰腺型淀粉酶(P-淀粉酶)。正常情况下S-淀粉酶和P-淀粉酶分别占血清总淀粉酶活性的60%和40%。S-淀粉酶除可由唾液腺分泌而外,其他脏器也可产生,如肺、汗腺、乳腺、胃肠道及泌尿生殖系统。此外,少数恶性肿瘤也可合成分泌S-淀粉酶。P-淀粉酶主要由胰腺分泌,对胰腺疾病诊断有一定特异性。


高淀粉酶血症发生的机制有: 


(1)病变组织产生过多的淀粉酶释放入血循环; 


(2)血清淀粉酶与大分子物质结合不能有效从肾脏滤过;


(3)肾脏病变不能正常清除血清淀粉酶。 


导致高淀粉酶血症最常见的病因是胰腺疾病,但高淀粉酶血症的病因众多,有些较为少见,临床上鉴别诊断时要充分考虑到非胰源性的病因,以免延误患者的诊治。 


现将高淀粉酶血症的病因列举如下:


 一、胰腺疾病: 


急性胰腺炎是引起高淀粉酶血症的最常见原因,血清淀粉酶是诊断急性胰腺炎重要的指标。急性胰腺炎发病后2~12小时血清淀粉酶活性开始升高,一般高淀粉酶血症持续3~5天血清淀粉酶升高幅度大于正常上限5倍以上对急性胰腺炎的诊断有很高的特异性,但仅见于80%~90%的急性胰腺炎患者,部分患者淀粉酶水平达不到此高度。急性胰腺炎患者淀粉酶升高的幅度与疾病的严重程度并不相关,也非持续的高淀粉酶血症表示并发症的发生。


高甘油三酯血症出现脂血时可干扰淀粉酶活性的测定,稀释血清后检测可出现淀粉酶活性升高的矛盾现象。急性胰腺炎除高淀粉酶血症外往往同时伴有急性上腹痛,B超、CT和磁共振检查有胰腺肿胀、胰周渗液等影像学特征。如单纯高淀粉酶血症不伴有上腹痛和胰腺影像学改变不能轻易诊断胰腺炎,需认真检查分析,寻找其他因素。慢性胰腺炎、胰腺假性囊肿和胰腺癌也可引起高淀粉酶血症,通过发病过程、临床表现和影像学检查可与急性胰腺炎进行鉴别。


二、急腹症: 


急性腹痛伴有高淀粉酶血症除见于胰腺疾病外,多种急腹症均可出现,鉴别诊断尤为重要。如肠梗阻、胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔、肠系膜梗塞和异位妊娠破裂等均可导致血清淀粉酶升高,多数情况下这些疾病血清淀粉酶升高幅度不如急性胰腺炎明显,往往低于正常上限3倍,各自疾病都有相应病史、临床表现和影像学检查结果,而均无胰腺形态学改变。根据这些特点不难与急性胰腺炎鉴别。




 三、巨淀粉酶血症: 


是引起慢性高淀粉酶血症的重要原因,它是由于淀粉酶和血中免疫球蛋白或多糖结合形成的大分子聚合物而不能通过肾脏清除。1964 Wilding等最先发现这种临床现象,1967年Berk 等将其命名为巨淀粉酶血症。巨淀粉酶血症常伴随其他疾病发生,David等对文献报道的108例巨淀粉酶血症的伴随疾病进行了归类分析,主要有酗酒、胰腺炎、恶性肿瘤、糖尿病、胆石症、自身免疫性疾病、营养不良等。但巨淀粉酶血症也可见于少数淀粉酶不升高的健康人。巨淀粉酶血症无特异临床表现,但常可出现不同程度的腹痛。巨淀粉酶血症持续时间较长,为数周~数月,甚至一年,多可自行消失。


有许多实验室方法可以检测巨淀粉酶,如凝胶层析、电泳等,但方法繁琐不易临床推广。通过计算肾淀粉酶清除率/肌酐清除率比值(Cam/ Ccr) 有助于巨淀粉酶血症的判断,此时该值明显下降,常小于1 %。Cam/ Ccr的计算公式如下: Cam/Ccr=[(尿淀粉酶浓度×血浆肌酐浓度)/(血浆淀粉酶浓度×尿肌酐浓度)]×100% 以下情况应考虑巨淀粉酶血症可能:


(1)高淀粉酶血症而胰腺无影像学改变;


(2)肾功能正常伴高淀粉酶血症;


(3)血清淀粉酶活性升高而尿淀粉酶正常或降低;


(4)肾Cam/ Ccr<1。 巨淀粉酶血症是一良性病变,无需特殊治疗。主要是寻找病因针对巨淀粉酶血症的原发性疾病进行治疗。 


四、非胰源性消化系统疾病: 


胆囊炎和胆石症可引起血清淀粉酶活性轻度升高,很少超过正常上限的3倍ERCP术后常常发生高淀粉酶血症,部分患者可达到急性胰腺炎的水平,ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症多不伴有腹痛,持续时间较短,一般经过2~3天可自行恢复,影像学检查胰腺无形态学改变。少数ERCP患者术后并发急性胰腺炎,出现高淀粉酶血症的同时伴有胰腺形态的影像学改变,应予重视并及时积极治疗。


胃肠炎也可发生高淀粉酶血症一组对701 例胃肠炎患者血淀粉酶检测研究的结果显示,有66 例有不同程度的血清淀粉酶升高,其中有51 例患者的血淀粉酶升高和急性胃肠炎相关,其升高幅度最高者为正常上限的2. 20倍临床资料分析结果表明淀粉酶升高者和非升高者的预后无差别。其升高机制不清楚,推测因胃肠炎的致病因素对胰腺造成了损伤,也可能是胃肠炎导致肠道黏膜屏障功能障碍所致。有文献报道,活动性肝炎和肝硬化等也可导致血清淀粉酶活性升高。




五、恶性肿瘤:


 许多恶性肿瘤可引起血清淀粉酶升高最常见的是卵巢癌、肺癌及多发性骨髓瘤。肿瘤组织异位合成是引起这一现象的原因。经有效治疗后血淀粉酶可以明显下降,复发后又可以重新回升,这种现象不但为肿瘤组织异位分泌提供了强有力的证据,而且说明部分肿瘤患者该值的变化可能有提示病情变化和预后的作用。 


除肺癌、卵巢癌和多发性骨髓瘤而外,高淀粉酶血症还见于胃癌、血液系统恶性肿瘤及乳腺癌等。恶性肿瘤产生的淀粉酶多为S-淀粉酶,当临床上出现高淀粉酶血症而难以以胰腺疾病解释时,进行淀粉酶同工酶检测,对高淀粉酶血症的病因鉴别诊断有重要价值。 




六、腮腺炎: 


腮腺炎是由腮腺炎病毒侵犯腮腺引起的急性呼吸传染病,腮腺的非化脓性肿胀疼痛为突出的病征,90%患者的血清淀粉酶有轻度和中度增高,腮腺炎所致高淀粉酶血症均为S-淀粉酶升高,淀粉酶增高程度往往与腮腺肿胀程度成正比。


七、正常人及家族性高淀粉酶血症:


Cuckow等报道的家系中连续三代家庭成员均有慢性高淀粉酶血症, P-淀粉酶轻到中度升高,经各项检查未发现器质性疾病,遗传特点符合常染色体显性遗传。Koda报道一位7岁男孩持续性高淀粉酶血症,临床排除了胰腺和唾液腺疾病。对其家族进行调查发现,患者的母亲,姐姐、姨妈和舅舅的血清淀粉酶活性都高于正常人,但没有任何临床表现,而其父亲和外婆血清淀粉酶活性正常。虽目前还未从基因水平阐明家族性高淀粉酶血症的机理,但提示我们在临床上遇到对于无症状的慢性高淀粉酶血症,在排除胰腺疾病的基础上应考虑到家族性高淀粉酶血症的可能, 以免进行过多不必要的检查。


除上述多种可导致高淀粉酶血症的病因外,尚有其它少见病因,如糖尿病酮症酸中毒、肺炎等均有引起高淀粉酶血症的报道,本文未能一一全面叙述。总而言之,导致高淀粉酶血症的病因非常复杂,并非仅限于胰腺和唾液腺疾病,少数正常人也可表现为轻度淀粉酶升高。因此,临床工作中遇到高淀粉酶血症而无胰腺炎临床表现和胰腺形态学改变时,有条件时应作淀粉酶同工酶分析,首先区分胰源性和非胰源性淀粉酶升高。对于S-淀粉酶升高的患者,要高度重视肿瘤的鉴别诊断;而P-淀粉酶者升高应注意隐匿的胰腺疾病以及良性慢性高淀粉酶血症的可能,以避免不必要的过度检查和治疗。


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    2016-12-16 ys2323

    第一次听说巨淀粉酶血症,学习了,临床中改怎么鉴别和治疗呢?

    0

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    2016-09-23 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章不错,继续学习

    0

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    2016-09-13 lhl629

    继续学习。。。

    0

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    2016-09-12 flysky120

    谢谢,学习了

    0

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    2016-09-10 PYN

    值得学习

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=163221, encodeId=d630163221ef, content=第一次听说巨淀粉酶血症,学习了,临床中改怎么鉴别和治疗呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160616/IMG5762A3665DC7B3997.jpg, createdBy=df0a1649089, createdName=ys2323, createdTime=Fri Dec 16 10:26:22 CST 2016, time=2016-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=133651, encodeId=73fb1336511e, content=文章不错,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=124119, encodeId=7ff012411939, content=继续学习。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Tue Sep 13 05:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=123283, encodeId=a7f912328397, content=谢谢,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Mon Sep 12 08:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=117278, encodeId=c12b11e2789a, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3e0e1947845, createdName=PYN, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 00:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=113410, encodeId=a342113410c0, content=学习了很受用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Thu Sep 08 05:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=111213, encodeId=ac7d111213ca, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 10:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1510552, encodeId=6264151055271, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d12d659396c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#淀粉酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65939, encryptionId=d12d659396c, topicName=淀粉酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=652a10208845, createdName=jktdtl, createdTime=Sun Sep 04 01:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=110181, encodeId=087a1101813d, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Sep 03 10:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109702, encodeId=685f109e0224, content=学习了啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e291719269, createdName=大旺旺, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 14:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-08 lhl629

    学习了很受用

    0

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    2016-09-05 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-09-04 jktdtl
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    2016-09-03 忠诚向上

    好好学习一下

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=163221, encodeId=d630163221ef, content=第一次听说巨淀粉酶血症,学习了,临床中改怎么鉴别和治疗呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160616/IMG5762A3665DC7B3997.jpg, createdBy=df0a1649089, createdName=ys2323, createdTime=Fri Dec 16 10:26:22 CST 2016, time=2016-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=133651, encodeId=73fb1336511e, content=文章不错,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=124119, encodeId=7ff012411939, content=继续学习。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Tue Sep 13 05:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=123283, encodeId=a7f912328397, content=谢谢,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Mon Sep 12 08:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=117278, encodeId=c12b11e2789a, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3e0e1947845, createdName=PYN, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 00:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=113410, encodeId=a342113410c0, content=学习了很受用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Thu Sep 08 05:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=111213, encodeId=ac7d111213ca, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 10:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1510552, encodeId=6264151055271, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d12d659396c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#淀粉酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65939, encryptionId=d12d659396c, topicName=淀粉酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=652a10208845, createdName=jktdtl, createdTime=Sun Sep 04 01:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=110181, encodeId=087a1101813d, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Sep 03 10:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109702, encodeId=685f109e0224, content=学习了啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e291719269, createdName=大旺旺, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 14:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-02 大旺旺

    学习了啊

    0

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