Nature: 基因疗法为无法治愈的脑部疾病带来了曙光

2021-04-07 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

Nature: 基因疗法为无法治愈的脑部疾病带来了曙光

Diana Kwon近期在Nature杂志发文介绍了基因疗法的研究进展。

亨廷顿舞蹈病(Huntington’s disease,HD)是一种遗传性疾病,会导致大脑大面积退化,思维、行为、情绪和运动紊乱。这种疾病通常开始于中年,有细微的变化,如情绪波动和难以集中注意力。随着病情的发展,人们会患上痴呆和不能说话或行动。

与亨廷顿氏症有关的基因叫做HTT,它编码一种叫做亨廷顿的蛋白质。该基因的缺陷版本多次重复了其序列的短片段——核苷酸组合CAG。只要有一次HTT突变复制就足以导致亨廷顿氏舞蹈症,和突变携带者有50%的机会将其传给他们的孩子。

虽然自1993年以来,亨廷顿舞蹈症的遗传原因已经很清楚,但目前还没有治疗方法可以阻止或减缓该病的发展。其它大多数神经退行性疾病也缺乏有效的治疗方法,尽管它们的遗传根源不像亨廷顿舞蹈症那样明确,但与运动神经元疾病(肌萎缩性侧索硬化症,ALS)、阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等疾病相关的许多基因几十年前就已被发现。现在,治疗这类疾病的潮流可能正在转变。许多研究人员对被称为反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotides, ASOs)的药物充满希望。它们是短链DNARNA,被设计成附着在由有缺陷的基因组成的特定RNA序列上,并重新平衡它们产生的蛋白质水平——增加缺失的蛋白质或消除有缺陷的蛋白质。

2016年,美国FDA批准了首个用于神经疾病的ASO药物,此后该领域的活动呈爆炸式增长。这个领域已经从过去20年里的少量临床试验发展到目前正在进行的十几项针对各种神经退行性疾病的临床试验,其中一些已经进入了最后阶段。

其他ASO研究人员正在超越单一突变定义的疾病,着眼于具有更复杂遗传基础的疾病。这一最新进展使该领域的许多人对这项技术的未来感到乐观。但该领域的进展并非完全顺利。

上个月底,一项大型III期临床试验突然中止,原因是该药对患者的益处并没有超过风险。

由于ASOs在许多情况下的疗效尚不清楚,而且通常是通过脊柱注射,因此一些研究人员长期以来一直在敦促对ASOs保持谨慎。

尽管这项试验的结果令人失望,我们仍然有理由对这种模式能够实现的效果持积极和热情的态度。

脊髓性肌肉萎缩症(spinal muscle atrophy, SMA)是一种罕见的遗传性神经退行性疾病,患有SMA的人有一种变异的SMN1基因,这种基因负责产生一种叫做生存运动神经元(SMN)的蛋白质。缺乏SMN会阻碍大脑与身体的有效沟通,导致肌肉无力和消瘦,并随着时间的推移而恶化。SMA有四种类型;最常见的形式是SMA1,也是最严重的。患有SMA1的人通常在出生后不久就会出现症状,许多人活不过两岁。

2017年FDA批准了一种被称为nusinersen的ASO疗法,这是有史以来第一个治疗SMA的疾病修改疗法。科学家们在1978年首次认识到ASOs靶向RNA的能力,但花了几十年才证明其临床潜力。早期,诸如毒性和药效缺乏等问题阻碍了进展,许多制药公司失去了兴趣。

但是,位于加州卡尔斯巴德的Ionis制药公司(最初名为Isis制药公司)的研究人员,对药物的化学主链进行了关键的修改,提高了药效和稳定性,使ASOs能够在不被降解的情况下达到它们的目标。促成nusinersen诞生的工作始于2000年左右, Adrian Krainer研究导致SMN2(另一种编码SMN的基因)产生活性比SMN1低的蛋白质的机制。他们推断,如果能让SMN2产生更多的蛋白质,就能弥补SMN1基因突变的人体内的蛋白质。他们从其他人的工作中了解到,几乎在每个人身上,SMN2问题的原因是剪接过程中的错误—在剪接过程中,RNA链被剪断并被加工成制造蛋白质的指令,这会导致SMN2的一段代码被跳过。

Krainer的团队将注意力集中在与RNA链结合并导致片段丢失的蛋白质上,希望能阻止它们干扰生成完整的SMN蛋白的过程。

2004年,Krainer与药理学家Frank Bennett合作,找到了一种ASO,这种ASO可以与该链结合,并隐藏该片段,使其不被可能压制它的蛋白质干扰,从而使功能性SMN得以产生。

2011年,这种名为nusinersen的化合物进入临床试验阶段。结果是如此有希望,以至于在患有SMA的婴儿身上进行的III期试验提前终止了:接受该药的患者比接受安慰剂的患者更有可能达到运动指标并存活下来。

截至目前,全球已有超过1万人接受了nusinersen (Spinraza)的治疗,这种药物彻底改变了该病的病程:出生后不久服用此药的SMA婴儿在出生后几年内不会死亡。

在nusinersen的成功之后,研究人员开始研究与明确定义的基因突变有关的其他疾病,如亨廷顿氏舞蹈病。这导致了药物tominersen的产生,通过靶向正常和缺陷HTT基因产生的RNA链上的CAG重复序列,并标记,通过RNase H1的酶破坏标记的序列。2019年发表的一项I/II期临床试验结果显示,tominersen降低了脑脊液中亨廷顿蛋白突变体的浓度,没有引起任何严重的副作用。

亨廷顿早期试验的成功引起了神经退行性疾病研究人员的注意,因为蛋白质缠结是许多此类疾病的关键特征。但是三月底一项出人意料的宣布带来了巨大的打击。在一个独立专家委员会的建议下,由来自18个国家的791名参与者参与的tominersen III期试验提前终止,该委员会已对数据进行了有计划的审查。Roche在一份声明中表示,没有出现新的安全担忧,但该药的潜在好处并不超过风险。

与tominersen作用方式类似的药物仍在用于治疗其他类似原因的疾病。例如,一些ALS病例是由过多的突变蛋白引起的,一些用于这类疾病的ASOs正在进行临床试验。最先进的是Ionis开发的一种用于治疗遗传性ALS的ASO药物tofersen,目前正处于III期试验。

目前还不知道对相关疾病的长期影响,也不清楚tominersen的第三阶段试验是否存在这一问题。

一些ASOs直接针对突变蛋白。马萨诸塞州剑桥市Wave Life Sciences正在测试针对微小突变的疗法,这种突变有时会伴随CAG重复发生在HTT的突变副本上。这样做的目的是保持健康的亨廷顿蛋白水平相对完整。但是,这种药物只对携带这些突变的亨廷顿舞蹈症患者中的一小部分起作用。这种差异只能通过详尽的测序方法来识别,而这种方法在临床中并不经常使用。

最近,研究人员已经开始测试ASO用于更常见的神经退行性疾病,如帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病。绝大多数病例与特定的基因突变无关,而且这些疾病比遗传疾病更为普遍。治疗阿尔茨海默症的ASO方案旨在降低tau蛋白的水平,tau蛋白是一种会在大脑中形成有毒缠结的蛋白质。对于帕金森氏症,目标是降低α-突触核蛋白,它聚集成病理团块,称为路易体。

但英国牛津大学神经学家Kevin Talbot表示,对于这类神经再生疾病来说,一个网络中的几个基因很可能参与其中,目前还不清楚网络中一个基因的改变会如何影响其他基因。根据Talbot的说法,另一个问题是,这些药物目前需要反复进行腰椎穿刺,以到达中枢神经系统的靶点。在ASOs应用于更广泛的疾病之前,重要的是找到一种方法让这些药物通过血脑屏障,从而减少它们的侵入性。

对老鼠的研究表明,未来的ASOs可能在大脑中有更强大的用途:取代失去的神经元。

去年,加州大学圣地亚哥分校的细胞生物学家Xiang-Dong Fu和他的同事证明了使用ASOs将非神经元的脑细胞(称为星形胶质细胞)转化为神经元是可能的。研究小组将ASO药物注射到老鼠大脑中帕金森氏症失去神经元的区域。一旦到达那里,药物就激活了一个基因网络,促使星形胶质细胞变成神经元。在帕金森病小鼠模型中,Fu的研究小组发现,接受治疗的动物在某些行为上有改善。这些星形细胞转化ASO仍处于早期阶段。在这项技术应用于临床之前,还需要在非人类灵长类动物身上进行测试,因为它们的大脑与人类的大脑比老鼠的更接近。目前,研究人员正急切地等待tofersen治疗ALS的III期临床试验的结果,以及更多关于tominersen治疗亨廷顿舞蹈症的临床试验停止的确切原因的信息。

原文出处:

Kwon D. Genetic therapies offer new hope against incurable brain diseases. Nature. 2021;592(7853):180-183. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00870-x

 

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    2021-12-08 yangpeizhi
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    2021-04-09 ms8000001337781669

    1236547890123654789

    0

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    2021-04-07 言西早

    亨廷顿舞蹈病(Huntington’s disease,HD)是一种遗传性疾病。

    0

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    2021-04-07 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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