Nat Neurosci :别指望节食减肥了,高脂饮食后大脑已经“叛变”了

2020-08-15 张佳兴 生物探索

在当代社会,保持健康的体重似乎变的越来越困难,减肥也成为了潮流,各种减肥方式层出不穷。但最近的研究表明,高脂饮食会影响下丘脑和中脑边缘的表达,从而使节食变的困难。

在当代社会,保持健康的体重似乎变的越来越困难,减肥也成为了潮流,各种减肥方式层出不穷。很多人“胡吃海喝”后,希望通过节食来“挽回”体重。但最近的研究表明,高脂饮食会影响下丘脑和中脑边缘的表达,从而使节食变的困难。

2020年8月3日,美国国立卫生研究院Michael J. Krashes研究组在国际顶尖学术期刊《自然-神经科学》(IF:21.126)杂志上发表了题为“High-fat food biases hypothalamic and mesolimbic expression of consummatory drives”的论文,揭示了节食困难背后的神经基础。

大脑中有多条神经回路控制着进食活动,使其满足人体能量的需要。之前的研究已经表明下丘脑弓状核(ARC)激活时会表达刺鼠相关肽(AgRP)神经元,从而驱动进食。在未进食时,ARCAgRP神经元呈现负价态。研究人员提出假设,高脂饮食(HFD)会通过重新连接大脑中典型的稳态和享乐节点来改变进食活动,并采用了多学科的方法来模拟和研究HFD激发和戒断后标准均衡饮食(SD)的变化。

首先,研究人员将小鼠分组喂养,证实和对照组相比,HFD喂养的老鼠体重增加、脂肪量和每日消耗的总热量增加,而且小鼠表现出对HFD的直接偏好,SD摄入量的显着减少。去除HFD后,小鼠体重急剧下降,因为小鼠无法从SD中摄取所需的热量,从而强调了HFD可以导致SD的潜在降低,从而达到自我限制热量剥夺的效应。

随后研究人员评估了HFD暴露后饥饿期间的SD的改变,结果表明:在不同的生理条件下,HFD暴露后可以迅速、持久地减少SD的摄入量,且与性别、体重变化和已存在的肥胖无关。

之后研究人员观察了HFD暴露后下丘脑对SD的反应,结果表明当小鼠维持在SD状态下时,静脉注射胃肠道的饱足信号如胆囊收缩素(CCK)、血清素(5-HT)或酪氨酰酪氨酸肽(PYY)可以抑制ARCAgRP神经元,小鼠则维持在SD或提供HFD摄入。而HFD的所有小鼠尽管体重迅速增加,但ARCAgRP对所有测试饱腹信号的反应保持不变。揭示HFD暴露可能以一种与感官食物检测不耦合的方式迅速重塑和损害ARCAgRP的稳态。

中脑边缘DA可以调节人体对食物的偏好,DA的释放可以通过肥胖而改变。腹侧被盖区(VTA)的强化多巴胺神经元也被证明可以编码奖励信号机制的相关基因。所以研究人员又观察了HFD后中脑边缘多巴胺(DA)对SD的反应,结果证明,HFD改变了下丘脑弓状核神经肽Y(ARCNpy)介导的VTADat神经元对SD的反应,从而破坏VTADat神经元的功能,增强SD的消耗。

总的来说,小鼠在获得HFD后,甚至在缺乏热量的状态下也会放弃SD的摄入,这种动机驱动力通过ARCAgRP、VTADat神经元等释放对食物的反应来反映。暴露于HFD后,SD不再能够在ARCAgRP神经元水平上完全抑制饥饿的有害情感状态,也不能通过中脑边缘DA信号来放大发现食物的食欲。这些发现揭示了对HFD的偏好和SD值的降低导致暴饮暴食以及这些回路的扰动导致节食的常见并发症的原因。

这也就解释了为什么许多成功地采用更健康生活方式的人往往又回到旧的饮食习惯。尽管放弃高脂饮食,人体也无法适应正常饮食或节食,因为分别编码消极和积极情感状态的下丘脑和中脑边缘神经回路对高热量食物已经产生了多方面的持续调节使节食变的异常困难。

原始出处:

Christopher M Mazzone, Jing Liang-Guallpa, Chia Li,et al.High-fat food biases hypothalamic and mesolimbic expression of consummatory drives.Nat Neurosci. 2020 Aug 3. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-0684-9.

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    2021-07-07 ms3000000452410391

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    2020-08-17 lsndxfj
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    2020-08-17 pcw111
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    2020-08-15 CHANGE

    什么时候有懒人用的减肥神药?

    0

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    2020-08-15 Harper7601

    刷新了认知

    0

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