Nat Neurosci :你以为你饿了,可能只是有点孤独:科学家发现人的饥饿感和孤独感非常相似

2020-12-30 学术头条 生物探索

研究者利用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术分别检测了人对经历禁食和社交隔离的神经反应。结果表明,隔离后看到社交线索导致的“孤独感”,和禁食后看到食物线索导致的“饥饿感”,在大脑活动上的表现是相似的。

当人们缺少食物和社交时,会产生“饥饿”和“孤独”的感觉。饥饿让人胃中空虚,孤独让人心中空虚,它们给人的感受是如此的相似。因此,很多人可能会赞同这样一种观点:社交和食物一样,是人类的基本需求。

那么,当人们被迫与他人隔离时,他们会像饥饿的人渴望食物那样渴望社交吗?

这也是来自麻省理工学院(MIT)认知神经科学家 Livia Tomova 想要探知的问题。近日,她带领的研究团队与合作者利用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术分别检测了人对经历禁食和社交隔离的神经反应。结果表明,隔离后看到社交线索导致的“孤独感”,和禁食后看到食物线索导致的“饥饿感”,在大脑活动上的表现是相似的。

相关研究以“Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger”为题,发表在《自然-神经科学》(Nature Neuroscience)上。

社交的“内在驱动”

对于群居动物来说,社交互动是自然奖励(primary reward),即在不存在其他奖励的情况下本身就能让动物感到愉快和积极的行为。长期的社交隔离会对群居动物的行为和大脑功能造成损伤。

基于小鼠的相关研究发现,社交需求是由多巴胺奖励系统(dopaminergic reward system)驱动的。多巴胺(dopamine)是一种与激励和愉悦感相关的神经递质。被激活后能够释放多巴胺的神经细胞称为多巴胺能神经元(dopaminergic neuron)。

在人类大脑中,约 75% 的多巴胺能神经元分布在中脑黑质(substantia nigra, SN),15% 分布在中脑腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area, VTA)。因此,SN/VTA 是相关研究中主要关注的大脑区域。

此前研究发现,社交隔离 24 小时后的小鼠表现出明显的社交渴求反应:VTA 的多巴胺能神经元激活,进而导致社交行为的正强化(positive reinforcement),即小鼠在无其他奖励的情况下主动寻求与其他小鼠进行社交接触。而这些现象与饥饿、药物成瘾戒断的小鼠在渴求食物、药物时的反应相似。

社交隔离引起大脑的“渴求反应”

社交隔离能否在人类身上引起相似的反应呢?为了回答这个问题,研究人员对 40 个身体健康、社交正常的受试者进行了试验。

受试者首先需要经历 10 小时的严格社交隔离,期间填写孤独感自评问卷。隔离结束后,受试者需要接受 fMRI 检测,同时完成社交的线索诱发渴求(cue-induced craving, CIC)任务,即观看一系列社交、食物和花的图片,并评估自己对社交的渴求程度。用这样的方法,研究人员记录下了隔离后受试者的社交渴求反应和相应的大脑活动。

在间隔一段时间后,研究人员又对受试者进行了 10 小时禁食和类似的测试,获得了禁食后受试者的食物渴求相关数据。此外,受试者还需要在正常状态下完成 CIC 任务和功能定位(functional localizer)任务,以提供基线(baseline)数据和定位中脑(midbrain)对于奖励敏感性最高的功能性关注区域(region of interest, ROI)。

图 | 试验流程(来源:Nature Neuroscience)

从隔离试验期间的孤独感自评问卷结果来看,社交隔离使受试者的社交渴求、孤独感、不适感和对隔离的反感明显增加。禁食实验的饥饿感问卷也得到了相似的结果。这说明孤独感、饥饿感可以被社交隔离、禁食诱发。

从隔离、禁食后的 CIC 任务的 fMRI 结果来看,在 SN/VTA 和 ROI 中,社交线索在隔离后引起的反应活动高于禁食后,食物线索在禁食后引起的反应高于隔离后。且 SN/VTA 的活动高低与受试者自评的渴求程度相关。多体素分析的结果显示,隔离后社交线索引起的 SN/VTA 反应活动和禁食后食物线索引起的 SN/VTA 反应活动模式相似。

这些结果说明:隔离后看到社交线索能够在 SN/VTA 引起社交渴求相关的神经活动,且这样的反应与禁食后看到食物线索的反应相似。

图 | SN/VTA 和 ROI 中,食物、社交线索在禁食、隔离后引起的神经活动,及 SN/VTA 活动与受试者自评食物、社交渴求程度的相关性(来源:Nature Neuroscience)

有趣的是,SN/VTA 在隔离后对于社交线索反应的高低在受试者中具有差异,而这些差异可能与个体的长期孤独感(chronic loneliness)相关。研究人员发现,在自评长期孤独感更高的受试者中,基线测试和隔离后自评社交渴求感都较低,相应的 SN/VTA 神经活动也较低。

社交可能是人类的基本需求

“在大脑的激励中心里,饥饿感和孤独感看起来非常相似,”Livia Tomova 说,“这表明与他人联系可能是人类的基本需求。”

“(这项研究)为这样一种观点提供了实验证据——孤独感和饥饿感一样,是身体发出的信号,它在提醒我们某种东西缺失了,我们需要采取行动来弥补它。”

研究人员还根据长期孤独感和社交渴求反应的负相关性给出了可能的猜想。科学家在此前的研究中也发现,一种需求的剥夺可能导致个体通过其他途径寻求奖励。短期的社交隔离可能导致个体更专注于寻求社交,但长期缺少社交则可能导致个体回避社交(social withdraw)而更多寻求其他基本需求以进行弥补(compensation)。

研究人员认为,这项研究中的试验都是在新冠疫情发生前完成,但它所得到的结果在现在的世界环境下却有了新的意义。

考虑到疫情期间社交隔离的增多,Livia Tomova 认为:“关注疫情危机中的社交活动量,并且意识到孤独和隔离可能影响大脑活动,是十分重要的。”

人们不仅要应对疾病的流行,也要学会处理“孤独感的流行”。

原始出处:

Livia Tomova, Kimberly L Wang , Todd Thompson ,et al.Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger. Nat Neurosci . 2020 Dec;23(12):1597-1605. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z

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level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 13:53:12 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-04-18 ZJY

    吃吃吃

    0

  4. 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level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 13:53:12 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-07 liye789132251
  5. 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level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 13:53:12 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-01 ms8000000652700200

    好有道理

    0

  6. 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level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 13:53:12 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-01 lsndxfj
  7. 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level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 13:53:12 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-01 xlysu
  9. 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level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 13:53:12 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-01 xlysu
  10. 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    2020-12-30 rayms

    吃饱喝足才幸福

    0

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