一例老年母细胞性浆细胞样树突状细胞肿瘤的诊断分享

2022-06-09 王珏,郑潇寒,等 江苏省无锡市人民医院, 江苏省南京脑科医院 等 “检验医学”公众号

母细胞型浆细胞样树突状细胞肿瘤(BPDCN)虽然罕见,但在网络平台上还是时常能见到的。

【前言】

看到这个题目,也许有的老师已经猜到今天的主题。的确,母细胞型浆细胞样树突状细胞肿瘤(BPDCN)虽然罕见,但在网络平台上还是时常能见到的,而我则是工作几十年来的第一次遇见。下面就让我们一探究竟。

【案例经过】

简要病史:

患者,男性,77岁,因糖尿病7年,多饮,多尿入院检查,查体神清,精神一般,呼吸平,两肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干湿啰音,全身皮肤黏膜无黄染,无瘀斑瘀点,腹软,无压痛,肝脾肋下未及。

实验室检查:

血常规:WBC 3.5×109/L,Hb 91g/L,PLT 51×109/L

肝肾功能组合:腺苷脱氨酶57.7↑(4-18U/L),肌酐128.2↑(40-97umol/L),尿酸432.5↑(137-363umol/L),血β2微球蛋白6.9↑(0.8-2.8mg/L)

铁蛋白:523.4↑(23.9-336.2ng/mL)

B超:肝囊肿,脾脏肿大

外周血片如下:可见一类异常细胞,胞膜边缘有许多小空泡(图1)

图1 血片

骨髓细胞涂片:(图2-4)

图2 骨髓片

图3 POX染色

图4 PAS染色

异常细胞形态:胞体中等大小,外形欠规则,圆或类圆形,胞浆少至中等,淡蓝色,部分细胞可伪足,拖尾,胞膜处可见珍珠项链样空泡,核形尚规则,部分细胞可见凹陷,核染色质较细致,核仁不明显。POX染色:100%阴性,PAS染色:粗颗粒,小块状阳性。

骨髓报告:

图5 骨髓报告

流式免疫分型:免疫表型符合BPDCN

异常细胞群为红色:

图6 免疫分型报告

染色体检查:

图7 染色体报告

融合基因:

图8 融合基因报告

该患者骨髓活检及分子生物学检查未做,也无皮损症状,但是结合以上实验室检查,临床还是考虑BPDCN,遗憾的是该患者知道病情后放弃治疗,自动出院了。

【案例分析】

在先前的图文中(2021-05-19),我们就曾经提到,含空泡的肿瘤细胞除了Burkitt淋巴瘤还有很多,BPDCN就是其中的一种!

BPDCN多有皮损,但无皮损不能排除诊断,本例就是如此。

图9 BPDCN形态

BPDCN的形态学特征:

异常细胞比例可从5%-95%不等,胞体中等大小,圆形或不规则形,部分细胞拖尾,核圆形或不规则,核染色质细致,可见核仁,多个,胞膜下出现特征性珍珠项链样空泡是其特征(图9,左上角小图),不过笔者感觉这样的典型病例并不多。髓过氧化物酶(MPO)染色阴性,氯乙酸AS-D萘酚酯酶(CE)染色阴性,糖原染色阳性,阳性率接近100%(阳性颗粒为细颗粒弥散状,部分细胞可见中粗颗粒,粗颗粒,珠状及块状)。形态容易误认为淋巴瘤细胞及原始单核细胞。

免疫表型:

肿瘤细胞表达CD4、CD43、CD45RA和CD56,以及浆细胞样树状突细胞相关抗原CD123(IL-3a链受体),BDCA- 2/CD303、TCL1、CLA(皮肤淋巴细胞相关抗原)和干扰素-a依赖分子。50-80%的病例表达CD68,CD7和CD33的表达常见。有些病例表达CD2、CD36和CD38,CD123,CD4,CD56,CD303,TCL1;肿瘤细胞不表达CD34,不表达T细胞(CD3,CD5),B细胞(CD19,CD20,CD79a),髓系(CD13,CD117和MPO)及单核系细胞的标志物。若5个主要抗原(CD123、CD4、CD56、TCL1及CD303)表达其中4个,则可确诊BPDCN。

该患者无皮肤表现,但外周血细胞形态较为典型,可见珍珠项链样空泡;骨髓细胞形态则不如外周血典型。在先前的推送中(2022-01-17),我们曾经介绍过,成熟NK/T细胞肿瘤的形态学特点常为胞核增大和不规则形状(如拖尾),本例十分符合,因此首先考虑为淋巴瘤;但异常细胞的染色质较为细致,和通常较为厚实的淋系细胞不同,又似原幼单核细胞。综上所述,我们报告为“LPD可能,BPDCN待排”。后续的免疫分型检查结果符合BPDCN,证实了我们的判断。

总之,BPDCN的诊断需要依靠病理组织形态学,细胞免疫表型及临床表现,但是当我们遇到无皮肤损害的病例时,必须结合病理及免疫表型来诊断,多来米(123)法(4)索拉(56),有助于我们记忆。

【文献复习】

母细胞性浆细胞样树突状细胞肿瘤(BPDCN)是一种罕见的起源于浆细胞样树突细胞前体细胞的血液系统恶性肿瘤,临床呈侵袭性病程,常见皮肤病变且常累及骨髓。Adachi于1994年首先报道该病种,但2001版WHO造血与淋巴组织肿瘤分类没有收录;2008版WHO增加了该病种,归类于急性髓系白血病和相关前体细胞肿瘤;2016年版WHO归为独特的实体病种,不再隶属于AML和相关前体细胞肿瘤。

细胞形态学和免疫表型已在案例分析中叙述,此处不再重复,提供几幅典型的“珍珠项链”图片:

上海市儿童医院王偲鉴老师的BPDCN病例(图10):

广东省中医院陈炜烨老师的BPDCN病例(图11):

河北省秦皇岛一院吴侠老师的BPDCN病例(图12):

上海瑞金医院郭平老师的病例(图13):

临床表现:

该病发病率低,76-85%的病例累及皮肤,多表现为孤立或多发性红斑,结节,斑块损害或“擦伤样”青斑,也有部分患者仅表现为皮疹,往往就诊于皮肤科。

图14 BPDCN的皮损

活检病理学:

皮肤活检显示肿瘤细胞位于表皮和真皮之间,呈形态单一的母细胞样弥漫分布,中等大小,胞质嗜碱性,核不规则,染色质细致,无核仁或核仁不明显,核分裂多见。肿瘤细胞常浸润真皮而无表皮受累,随疾病进展可累及皮下脂肪,一般无血管侵犯或坏死。骨髓活检显示增生较活跃(>90%),肿瘤细胞广泛增生,胞体大,胞质丰富,胞核圆形或略不规则,核染色质细致,部分细胞可见核仁。

细胞遗传学:

无特定遗传学改变,2/3患者存在核型异常,多为染色体部分或全部丢失,涉及的染色体异常包括5q,6q,12p,13q和15q。

分子生物学:

常见MYC基因重排,与预后较差相关。

治疗及预后:

BPDCN呈侵袭性,中位生存期多在1年左右,目前还无统一标准治疗方案。异基因造血干细胞适用于年轻患者,可获得较长期生存,新的研究显示,靶向治疗及免疫治疗也已经陆续投入临床使用,以期达到BPDCN的精准治疗。

【总结】

BPDCN的发病率低,占血液恶性肿瘤的0.44%,占急性白血病的不足1%,占皮肤淋巴瘤的0.7%,这对该病的诊断带来了困难。但如果熟悉该病的特点,根据典型临床表现及形态特征,加上免疫分型及病理组织学,也不难做出正确诊断。遇到异常细胞既像淋巴瘤细胞又像原幼单核细胞,乃至有典型的珍珠项链样空泡时,骨髓细胞学可建议临床考虑BPDCN。我们要加强对该病的认识,以免造成临床漏诊和误诊。

【参考文献】

[1]常莉,王一宇,牟妍,等.母细胞性浆细胞样树突细胞肿瘤2例[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2016,30(3):281-283

[2]王峰蓉,许兰平.母细胞性浆细胞样树突细胞肿瘤诊断及治疗进展.中华血液学杂志,2016;37(1):75—78

[3]SwerdlowSH,Campo E,Harris NL, et al. (Eds) : WHO Classification of Tumours ofHaematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th edition. Lyon, France: IARCPress, 2008.

[4]SwerdlowSH,Campo E,Harris NL, et al. (Eds) : WHO Classification of Tumours ofHaematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Revised 4th edition. Lyon,France: IARC Press, 2017.

[5]卢兴国,叶向军,徐根波.骨髓细胞与组织病理诊断学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2020

[6]高海燕,刘亚波,吕成芳,陈雪艳.血液病临床检验诊断[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2021.3

[7]李婷陈宏伟等.细胞膜下呈珍珠项链样空泡改变——BPDCN的典型表现.血液病综合诊断学术交流[公众号][Z/OL](2017-05-18).

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    2022-06-23 ziru1978

    详尽有深度

    0

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