IEEE trans:结合功能性电刺激的全方位步态康复辅助平台研究

2021-06-14 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

大约三分之二的中风幸存者有行走障碍。中风后的偏瘫通常以平衡受损、不对称的自主运动和严重的肌肉无力或瘫痪为特征。这些运动功能的改变严重损害了人的独立性水平,影响了他们的生活质量。辅助机器人结合功能性电刺

大约三分之二的中风幸存者有行走障碍。中风后的偏瘫通常以平衡受损、不对称的自主运动和严重的肌肉无力或瘫痪为特征。这些运动功能的改变严重损害了人的独立性水平,影响了他们的生活质量。辅助机器人结合功能性电刺激(FES)被提出作为脑卒中后早期下肢和步态康复的一种方法,近十年来,应用FES的康复机器人数量迅速增加。该领域的大部分工作都是开发跑步机与FES结合的装置。在使用跑步机疗法时,患者在步行速度、功能性步行能力、和下肢关节活动范围方面均有改善。此外,在中风康复中使用FES进行康复已被证明能有效地提高肌肉力量和运动功能。

就肌肉刺激而言,大多数可用于足部下垂治疗的FES系统是“开环”的,即刺激强度,即脉冲宽度和脉冲幅度的组合保持不变。开环FES的主要局限性在于,它不能使刺激强度适应剩余肌肉活动和痉挛的变化,这需要频繁地手动调整刺激参数。在这项研究中,提出通过改变FES脉冲宽度来实现闭环方法,以响应关节屈曲角度的变化。

Fig. 3. - The IMU system used in this pilot study was composed of seven inertial sensors placed on the right and left legs and at the waist.

刺激系统

在正常行走过程中,骨盆向前向后、侧对侧(侧向)和旋转运动可减少身体重心(COM)在垂直和水平方向上的运动,从而降低代谢成本和施加在下肢的机械功。另一方面,骨盆运动的限制会导致异常的肌肉激活和步态运动学,从而导致异常的步态模式。全方位移动平台由一个的轮式平台、一个骨盆和躯干安全带、一个用于BWS的线性驱动装置和一个用于控制的力/扭矩(F/T)传感器组成。控制的目的是部分消除由于平台机构的惯性和摩擦造成的运动阻力,从而使助行器对患者尝试的运动做出快速反应。在这项初步研究中,将落脚作为目标,因为它是中风患者普遍存在的缺陷,而且落脚矫正是中风康复的既定目标。

系统使用电池供电的FES装置(RehaStim,Hasomed GmbH,德国)在摆动阶段刺激踝关节背屈肌以纠正落脚刺激脉冲由35hz的双相方波组成。通过改变脉冲宽度来调节肌肉产生的力。这允许更精确的控制,并且比调制脉冲幅度需要更少的每脉冲电荷。FES控制采用类似于比例控制的方案,帮助患者达到期望的脚地夹角峰值。1例慢性脑卒中患者(女,57岁,体重59公斤,身高165厘米,卒中后19个月)右侧瘫痪,用本系统进行步态训练。她的脚下垂,右脚和脚踝背屈无力。患者在两周内用助行器和FES系统进行了五次步态训练。每个实验包括两个15分钟的不间断步行,步行者在FES的协助下进行。受试者沿着一条11米长的直线来回行走。步行期间允许休息5分钟。

Fig. 4. - Proportional foot-to-ground angle control. A method for controlling foot-to-ground angle which is proportional to the angle error, i.e. the difference between reference angle and the measured angle.

系统流程图

对患者数据的分析显示,所有实验的步调和选定的步行速度相对于基线均有增加。对于每个实验,轻瘫侧和非轻瘫侧的步幅时间基本相同。不同侧之间在与摆动相对应的步态周期百分比上存在显著差异。就站姿与摆动比例而言,患者在机器人装置中行走时具有更大的时间对称性。在基线条件下,轻瘫侧在摆动阶段表现出严重的脚-地角度异常,其特征是大部分为负的角度值,这是落脚条件的证据。在基线检查时,足背跖屈角的轻瘫和非轻瘫轨迹均表现出严重的异常。这些异常随着步态训练的发展变化很大。在基线检查时,轻瘫足基本上只表现为足底屈曲。在步行者实验中,情况是相反的:脚角轨迹主要表现为背屈,这无疑是因为电刺激。在基线检查时,患者倾向于在步态周期的大部分时间内双膝弯曲行走,最大的弯曲角度出现在非瘫痪侧。通过步态训练,患者在轻瘫侧发展出类似于正常膝关节角度轨迹的东西,但在步态周期中,从站姿到摆动的过渡和弯曲角度峰值出现得比正常更早。在非轻瘫侧,结果是步态周期中膝关节屈曲逐渐消失。实验结果证明,FES系统在补偿关节运动缺陷方面被证明是有效的,同时,该研究强调了纠正非瘫痪侧步态异常的必要性,以及系统使用BWS的潜在价值。

F. Anaya-Reyes, A. Narayan, G. Aguirre-Ollinger, H. -J. Cheng and H. Yu, "An Omnidirectional Assistive Platform Integrated With Functional Electrical Stimulation for Gait Rehabilitation: A Case Study," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 710-719, March 2020, doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2020.2972008.

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    2021-09-09 xxxx1061
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    2022-01-05 bsmagic9140
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    2021-06-15 1248b370m54暂无昵称

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