老年女性患者面部紫罗兰色肿胀伴毛细血管扩张和坏死1例

2019-04-27 王盼 皮肤周讯

患者女性,60余岁,因面部3个月疼痛、肿胀和红斑就诊。11年前,患者被诊断为左乳腺癌,并接受了乳房切除术,随后进行了放疗和化疗。七年后,发现患者左锁骨处淋巴结转移,并进行了手术切除。在出现这些症状时,触诊发现患者有疼痛感,但未有发烧、发冷或其他症状。体格检查发现前额、眼睑、鼻子和面颊紫罗兰色肿胀伴毛细血管扩张和坏死,主要累及左侧面部(图1)。对皮损进行活检和组织病理学分析(图2)。

患者女性,60余岁,因面部3个月疼痛、肿胀和红斑就诊。11年前,患者被诊断为左乳腺癌,并接受了乳房切除术,随后进行了放疗和化疗。七年后,发现患者左锁骨处淋巴结转移,并进行了手术切除。在出现这些症状时,触诊发现患者有疼痛感,但未有发烧、发冷或其他症状。体格检查发现前额、眼睑、鼻子和面颊紫罗兰色肿胀伴毛细血管扩张和坏死,主要累及左侧面部(图1)。对皮损进行活检和组织病理学分析(图2)。


图1A,完整图像;图B,3/4面部图像可见毛细血管扩张和肿胀红斑,主要累及左侧前额、眼睑、鼻子和面颊。


图2A,真皮扩张血管中可见非典型细胞(HE染色;原始倍率×10)。 B,扩张血管中的非典型细胞(链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶染色;原始倍率×20)。


毛细血管扩张型转移性乳腺癌

讨论

免疫组化检查显示真皮角化过度、表皮萎缩和血管扩张。其中一血管可见大量非典型细胞巢(图2A)。免疫组化检查示扩张血管上皮细胞CD31阳性,不典型细胞GATA3阳性(图2B)。患者被诊断为毛细血管扩张型转移性乳腺癌(TMBC)。

乳腺癌是最常见的癌症,也是导致女性死亡的第二常见癌症。转移性乳腺癌最常累及淋巴结、肺、肝和骨髓; 皮肤转移相对少见,发病率为2.42%。临床表现包括结节(47%-80%)、肿瘤性脱发(2%-12%)、毛细血管扩张癌(8%-11%)、类丹毒样癌(3%-6%)和转移性黑色素瘤(6%)。皮肤转移的常见部位是胸部和腹部;面部受累罕见。据我们所知,2例转移性乳腺癌累及面部,类似于皮肤血管肉瘤:一例患者面部毛细血管扩张伴红斑,另一患者紫红色大斑块、结石和硬结节。

TMBC临床表现多样,通常表现为胸部肥厚红斑结节,极少累及面部。皮肤血管肉瘤通常开始为皮肤红色斑块,以及老年人面部和头皮红斑或紫罗兰色斑点、斑块、丘疹和结节。皮损可为单发或多发;可出现面部水肿。临床差异可能是皮损呈扩散模式。皮肤血管肉瘤通常以离心方式扩散,累及两侧面部,而左侧乳腺癌转移主要累及左侧面部,如图所示。组织病理学上,皮肤血管肉瘤内衬不典型内皮细胞,表现为明显多型性核和较高活性的有丝分裂,而TMBC则表现为表皮真皮扩张血管内的肿瘤细胞,这些可在其他癌的皮肤转移中看到。免疫组化标记物有助于确定转移的主要部位,包括雌激素、黄体酮、细胞角蛋白7,GATA结合蛋白3和巨囊性病的液体蛋白15。

其他鉴别诊断包括放射性皮炎、Wolf同位反应和带状疱疹。放射性皮炎通常表现为皮肤表面皮损改变,包括红斑、毛细血管扩张、色素沉着过度和色素减退。因患者11年前接受了放射治疗,这种皮损可能与慢性放射性皮炎相混淆,慢性放射性皮炎也表现为疼痛性红斑伴毛细血管扩张和坏死,在组织病理学上表现为血管扩张。然而,慢性放射性皮炎无其他组织病理学特征,包括表皮色素改变、真皮纤维化、不规则形状成纤维细胞和附件结构丢失。当接受免疫抑制治疗的老年妇女出现单侧皮肤分布的疼痛、水肿性红斑时,怀疑为带状疱疹很重要。组织病理学上,带状疱疹表现为表皮内囊泡、肥大角质形成细胞气球样变性和多核巨细胞核内嗜酸性包涵体。此外,Wolf同位反应是随后在另一种未相关的、以前治愈的疾病的部位出现新的皮肤疾病。最常见的原发性疾病是带状疱疹,据报道随后会出现多种疾病。因此,带状疱疹样分布的皮肤血管肉瘤样皮损增加了Wolf同位反应的可能性。然而,患者未曾出现水痘-带状疱疹感染或任何面部疾病。扩张血管中存在非典型细胞排除了这些诊断。

据报道,皮肤转移患者5年生存率为38%,而局限性乳腺癌患者的5年生存率为99%。识别对于早期诊断和管理至关重要,对于患有毛细血管扩张性面部肿胀的乳腺癌患者,应高度怀疑转移性扩散的可能。不幸的是,患者健康状况不佳,无法接受或负担得起进一步治疗。随访5个月后,患者仍活着。

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    2020-03-27 lsj637
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    2019-04-29 millore
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