骨性关节炎药物使用注意事项

2019-03-17 朱蓓琳(上海市第一人民医院) 上海药讯

骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一种严重影响患者生活质量的关节退行性疾病,由多种因素引起关节软骨纤维化、皲裂、溃疡、脱失而导致的以关节疼痛为主要症状的退行性疾病。

骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一种严重影响患者生活质量的关节退行性疾病,由多种因素引起关节软骨纤维化、皲裂、溃疡、脱失而导致的以关节疼痛为主要症状的退行性疾病。OA好发于中老年人群,发病率高,累及部位包括膝、髋、踝、手和脊柱(颈椎、腰椎)等关节。OA的临床表现有关节疼痛及压痛,关节活动受限、关节畸形、骨摩擦音(感)、肌肉萎缩等。

OA的治疗目的是缓解疼痛,延缓疾病进展,矫正畸形,改善或恢复关节功能,提高患者生活质量。依据患者年龄、性别、体重、自身危险因素、病变部位及程度等选择阶梯化及个体化治疗。

基础治疗适用于所有OA患者;早期患者,依据患者的需求和一般情况,可选择适宜的基础治疗方案;病情加重,进入第二层药物治疗,在考虑患者发病的部位及自身危险因素的基础上,选择正确的用药途径及药物种类;病情进一步加重。在基础治疗和药物治疗无效的前提下进行手术治疗,手术方案需依据患者病变部位、病变程度、一般情况以及自身意愿综合考虑。

(2018版骨关节炎诊疗指南)

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs类)是缓解疼痛、改善关节功能最常用的药物,有局部用药和全身用药。在使用口服药物前,建议先选择局部外用药物,如氟比洛芬凝胶贴膏、双氯芬酸二乙胺乳膏等。局部外用制剂可缓解关节的轻、中度疼痛,且肠道不良反应较轻微。全身作用药物根据给药途径可分为口服药物、针剂以及栓剂,最为常用是口服药物。

局部外用药物:外用药物使用简便,其肠道不良反应轻微,常作为治疗膝或手骨关节炎的辅助用药,但通常需要2-4周常规治疗(每日3-4次)才能达到最大疗效,另还需注意局部皮肤不良反应的发生。

口服药物:口服NSAIDs类药物的疗效与不良反应对于不同患者并不完全相同,如果患者上消化道不良反应的危险性较高,可使用选择性COX-2抑制剂,如使用非选择性NSAIDs类药物,应同时加用H2受体拮抗剂、质子泵抑制剂或米索前列醇等胃黏膜保护剂。所有的NSAIDs都会增加血栓栓塞事件发生的风险,但增加的部分风险仍远低于传统的危险因素,如高血压、抽烟等。如果患者血管疾病危险性较高,应慎用NSAIDs类药物(包括非选择和选择性COX-2抑制剂。NSAIDs有天花板效应,同时使用两种不同的NSAIDs类药物不但不会增加疗效,反而会增加不良反应的发生率。

(2018版骨关节炎诊疗指南)

此外,对于氨基葡萄糖、硫酸软骨素等慢作用药物,现行的指南对这类药物(保健品)治疗骨关节炎存有争议,尚缺乏高质量临床证据。需要注意的是,硫酸软骨素和氨基葡萄糖可增加华法林的抗凝效果,服用华法林的患者需更密切地监测INR。

关节腔注射:膝关节腔内注射糖皮质激素或玻璃酸钠等,可有效减缓疼痛,改善关节功能,但对于软骨保护和延缓疾病进程仍存有争议。由于关节腔注射是侵入性治疗,可能会增加关节感染的风险,需无菌操作和规范操作。而手与髋关节局部注射皮质醇的治疗目前尚缺乏证据支持。

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    2019-03-19 jyzxjiangqin

    骨性关节炎药物使用注意事项。

    0

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    2019-03-18 lmm397

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