Nat Metab: 幼年期卡路里摄入过量会提高成年期结肠炎患病风险

2019-11-09 玉壶 BioArt

肥胖,尤其是儿童肥胖,是代谢性疾病及相关疾病如动脉粥样硬化、高血压、2型糖尿病和脂肪肝发病的危险因素。肥胖也与炎症性肠病 (inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 有关,动物模型显示,母亲喂养高脂饮食 (high-fat diet, HFD) 和肥胖增加了子代对IBD的易感性。随着世界范围内肥胖人群的增加,确定母亲或儿童肥胖所导致的炎症病理发展的机制可能为预防IBD提供新

肥胖,尤其是儿童肥胖,是代谢性疾病及相关疾病如动脉粥样硬化、高血压、2型糖尿病和脂肪肝发病的危险因素。肥胖也与炎症性肠病 (inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 有关,动物模型显示,母亲喂养高脂饮食 (high-fat diet, HFD) 和肥胖增加了子代对IBD的易感性。随着世界范围内肥胖人群的增加,确定母亲或儿童肥胖所导致的炎症病理发展的机制可能为预防IBD提供新的靶点和预防措施。

将母亲肥胖或幼年期卡路里摄入过量导致成年期更容易得肥胖症,代谢综合征和炎症性疾病的潜在机制有很多,包括,摄食行为的转移,微生物菌群的失调以及炎症相关基因的后天表观遗传修饰。患有肥胖或IBD的母亲将失调的微生物菌群转移给子代导致子代更容易感染相同的疾病。尤其是,幼年期的肠道微生物菌群失调更容易使成年期易感肥胖和IBD。

在断奶期间,由饮食改变引起的小鼠肠道微生物菌群的扩张会引起强烈的免疫反应,被称为断奶反应(immune reaction)。断奶反应是 “健康”免疫系统发育所必需的,抑制这种反应会增加日后对炎症性肠病(如结肠炎)的敏感性。然而,早期饮食对断奶时免疫系统的影响,以及后期对炎症性肠病易感性的影响,仍有待进一步研究。

2019年11月4日,来自法国巴斯德研究所的Gérard Eberl教授带领的团队在Nature metabolism发表题为Excess calorie intake early in life increases susceptibility to colitis in adulthood的长文,发现用三种不同的幼儿期摄入过多卡路里的小鼠模型都会导致成年时容易感染结肠炎。这一过程与断奶期肠道细菌H2S产生增加所导致的促炎因子表达增加以及肠道通透性增加相关。纠正断奶期的肠道失衡则能使成年期易感结肠炎的程度恢复到正常水平。

研究人员首先要确定幼年期卡路里摄入过量对成年期结肠炎易感性的影响。为此,他们建立了三种不同的幼年期卡路里摄入过量的小鼠模型,分别是一、给哺乳的母亲从0周(从生小崽起)到4周每天吃高脂饮食,二、新生儿小鼠在2到4周每天用椰子油灌两次,三、第三天时将一窝小崽减少到3只,跟对照的7只一窝相比,3只一窝的小崽能喝到更多的母乳。结果表明这三种幼年期过度饮食的方法均能使雄性小崽超重。虽然,这种早期的超重只是暂时的,到第6周的时候,所有诱导小鼠的体重均恢复到和对照一致的水平。但是,这些有过幼年肥胖经历的小鼠到成年后更容易感染右旋糖酐硫酸酯钠 (dextran sodium sulfate, DSS) 诱导的结肠炎,具体表现为体重减轻,疾病活动性指数增加,肠道通透性和炎症增加,结肠缩短以及存活率降低。这些实验结果说明,幼年期过多卡路里摄入确实会导致成年期结肠炎的易感性。

结肠炎的主要特征之一就是肠道炎症和通透性的增加。研究人员首先想确定幼年期卡路里摄入过量是否对肠道炎症和通透性有影响。结果发现,其他时期的肠道都没有问题,只有断奶期的肠道有炎症,促炎因子如肿瘤坏死因子 (tumour necrosis factor, TNF) -α, 干扰素 (interferon, IFN) -γ, 白介素 (interleukin, IL) -1β, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-22表达增加,抗炎因子IL-10表达下降。同时伴随的还有,粪便中脂质转运蛋白 (lipocalin 2) 水平增加,通过口头喂葡聚糖 (FITC–dextran) 法检测的肠道通透性增加,调节肠上皮紧密连接的MLCK表达增加和编码肠上皮紧密连接蛋白 (zona occludens 1) 的Tjp1和Tjp2表达下降。这些实验说明,幼年期卡路里摄入过量打乱了断奶期的肠道平衡。

那么,成年期的结肠炎易感性是否跟断奶期增加的肠道炎症和通透性有关呢?为了证实这一点,研究人员在给哺乳母鼠吃的高脂饮食中加入IFN-γ 和TNF-α的中和抗体。通过抑制炎症因子,断奶期小鼠的体重,肠道炎症因子的表达,肠道通透性均恢复正常以及最重要的,成年期对结肠炎的易感性也恢复到正常水平。另外,用合成的萘磺酰 (naphthalenesulfonyl) 衍生物ML-7处理2-4周小崽来抑制MLCK的表达,取得了和中和抗生素相同的效果。以此同时,等到成年期再用这两种抑制剂则没有效果。这些实验结果说明,通过正常化断奶期的肠道微生物能预防成年期的结肠炎易感性。

那么,幼年期卡路里摄入过量引起断奶期肠道炎症和通透性增加的机制是什么呢?先前的研究表明高脂饮食有利于产硫化物细菌的扩增繁殖。硫化氢 (Hydrogen sulfide, H2S) 可通过减少由黏蛋白(Muc2)等组成的蛋白网络中的S-S键来破坏黏膜层。于是研究人员检测了编码异化型亚硫酸盐还原酶 (dissimilatory sulfite reductase),一种产硫化物的细菌酶dsrA的表达。结果发现,在三种幼年期饮食摄入过量的模型中,断奶期小鼠肠道中dsrA的表达均显着上升,相对应的粪便中H2S含量也增加。若用5-氨基水杨酸 (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) 抑制细菌生产H2S则会使断奶期小鼠的体重,肠道炎症和通透性恢复正常以及最终的成年期结肠炎易感性也恢复正常。另一组实验中,给无菌鼠从2到4周在微生物免疫原存在的情况下,灌硫酸氢钠 (sodium hydrogen sulfide, NaHS) 作为H2S的供体会导致断奶期小鼠体重增加,肠道炎症和通透性增加以及最终的成年期结肠炎易感增加。同样的,同时使用中和性抗体或MLCK抑制剂则会使断奶期的肠道失衡和成年期的结肠炎易感性恢复正常。这些实验结果说明,幼年期卡路里摄入过量通过增加断奶期肠道细菌H2S的产生进而引起肠道失衡。

总之,这篇研究表明,在断奶过程中,由于饮食摄入过量和微生物失衡而触发的肠道炎症反应会导致一个长期的病理印记,最终导致成年期患结肠炎的概率增加。而在生命早期,对饮食和微生物菌落进行合理的干预则能有效的预防疾病。

原始出处:
Ziad Al Nabhani, Sophie Dulauroy, Emelyne Lécuyer, et al.Excess calorie intake early in life increases susceptibility to colitis in adulthood.Nature Metabolism (2019).Published: 04 November 2019

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    2019-12-22 一闲
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    2020-02-29 liye789132251
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    2020-02-22 guojianrong
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