哮喘孕妇须及时用药,谨防胎盘早剥胎儿窘迫

2017-05-04 陈明明 澎湃新闻

今年5月2日是第十九个世界哮喘日。全球哮喘的发病人数正呈逐年上升的趋势。在我国,哮喘影响2000万-3000万人口,目前已成为我国的第二大呼吸道疾病。哪些症状需要警惕是哮喘?哮喘的治疗误区有哪些?哮喘孕妇应如何治疗?上海同济大学附属东方医院呼吸内科主任医师郭忠良为您一一解答。哮喘是一种慢性异质性的气道炎症。哪些情况应该警惕是否患有哮喘呢?郭忠良主任医师称,如果有下面的呼吸系统症状,就要高度怀疑

今年5月2日是第十九个世界哮喘日。全球哮喘的发病人数正呈逐年上升的趋势。在我国,哮喘影响2000万-3000万人口,目前已成为我国的第二大呼吸道疾病。哪些症状需要警惕是哮喘?哮喘的治疗误区有哪些?哮喘孕妇应如何治疗?上海同济大学附属东方医院呼吸内科主任医师郭忠良为您一一解答。

哮喘是一种慢性异质性的气道炎症。哪些情况应该警惕是否患有哮喘呢?郭忠良主任医师称,如果有下面的呼吸系统症状,就要高度怀疑哮喘的可能性:

多于一种症状(喘息、气短、咳嗽、胸闷),尤其在成人;

症状常在夜间或者早上加重;

症状随时间和发病强度改变;

常由病毒感染、锻炼、接触过敏原、天气改变、大笑或者刺激物(汽车尾气、吸烟和强烈的气味)引起。

遇上上述情况,有必要到医院进行相关的检查,如肺功能检查、气道反应性测定、一氧化氮测定和过敏原测定等。

由于哮喘的症状并不具有特异性,很多疾病可能会出现类似的症状,如支气管内膜结核、气管内肿瘤或异物、气管软骨缺陷、急性感染性支气管炎等,因此患者不可自行诊断甚至用药,以免延误病情。

哮喘是一种多因素疾病,超过80%的儿童哮喘和50%的成人哮喘是由过敏引起的,不过过敏原的种类繁多,但主要是尘螨、动物原性和花粉。

郭忠良主任医师提醒,在日常生活中,人们往往对哮喘的认识存在很多误区,从而延误诊断和治疗。下面是一些常见的误区:

起病就用抗生素: 一些病人认为哮喘发病是因为感染引起的,所有起病就要用抗生素。其实,哮喘发作是由多种因素诱发,其中细菌感染只是占极少部分,即使在感染因素中,病毒感染占大部分。因此大多数患者不需要使用抗生素,因为抗生素只能起到抗细菌感染的作用,不能消除支气管黏膜的变态反应性炎症,不能解决哮喘的根本问题。

哮喘症状得到控制后,就不用继续治了:一些患者非常重视哮喘发作期治疗,但病情一旦好转,就放松诊治,忽视或不重视缓解期的治疗。忽视缓解期的治疗常常会造成哮喘反复发作,久治不愈,严重者发展成为肺气肿、肺心病而失去劳动能力。因为,虽然哮喘加重是发作性的,但气道炎症是长期存在的。通过规范吸入糖皮质激素或联合吸入长效β激动剂能良好的抑制气道炎症,比单纯治疗急性支气管收缩更能有效地控制哮喘。一旦哮喘被控制,应至少维持吸入治疗3-6个月,然后请医生根据情况制定下一步治疗方案。只有在血液指标和肺功能指标基本正常,足够的疗程和医师的建议下方可减药直至停药。

激素恐惧心理:糖皮质激素是目前最有效的消除气道非特异性炎症药物。很多患者一听说激素就非常排斥,生怕副作用或者激素依赖,即所谓“谈激素色变”。其实,目前治疗哮喘的药物都是新一代的吸入类激素,基本没有全身副作用。

比如,目前常用的普米克(布地耐德)与以往的地塞米松、氢化考的松的分子结构不同,它基本不进入血循环,副作用大大减少,仅为全身用激素副作用的1%。吸入用药量是口服或静脉用药量的1/50到1/100,但效果却是全身用药的500-1000倍,3天的静脉用激素就相当于3年的常规吸入剂量。

在急性发作时,短程的静脉或口服糖皮质激素治疗也是非常重要的,效果确切、可靠,基本上不会出现明显副作用。当然长期的较大剂量全身用激素要尽可能避免。

哮喘不用治,长大后会自愈(青春期可自愈):确实有一些儿童哮喘过了青春期就不发了,因此,有人会认为,儿童哮喘不需要治疗,长大后会自愈。这是非常错误的。因为儿童免疫系统尚未完全发育成熟,具有可塑性。随着年龄的增长,其免疫系统发育逐渐完善,这种可塑性就越来越差,治愈的机会就越来越小,因此,哮喘患儿更应得到积极而合理的治疗不能消极等待,否则错过最佳治疗时机。即使进入青春期仍未治愈,也会由于儿童期的积极治疗而使病情大为好转。假如因为儿童时期治疗不当,导致青春期不能好转而发展为成人哮喘,那就追悔莫及、遗憾终身了。

另外,许多父母认为哮喘儿童应多穿点衣服以免着凉。他们一看到孩子打喷嚏、流鼻涕便以为是冷的缘故而不断给患儿增加衣服,其实这只是一种过度保护措施,当儿童出现反复发作的咳嗽、喘息、气短、胸闷等症状时要及时到医院就诊。

哮喘患者中有相当一部分是育龄妇女,这些妇女怀孕后怎样才能顺利安全地度过怀孕期、分娩期和哺乳期呢?郭忠良主任医师称,研究发现,哮喘妇女怀孕后,大约有1/3的人哮喘病情改善、1/3的人病情不变和1/3的人病情恶化。

在病情加重的妇女中,容易出现妊娠期高血压、胎盘早剥、流产、早产等,也可出现胎儿宫内发育迟缓、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息,甚至胎儿、新生儿死亡。因此,哮喘孕妇应重视安然度过妊娠、分娩和哺乳“三关”。

郭忠良主任医师建议哮喘孕妇:首先,患者要对整个孕期进行自我监测,可使用峰流速仪客观评价自身肺功能,并将测得的最大呼气流量值记录下来,供医生参考。还应定期到医院就诊。

其次,去除生活中的诱发因素以减轻症状,可以采取以下办法:床垫及枕头内有尘螨,可用密闭的塑料罩罩住;禁止吸烟并远离吸烟者;避免在家中饲养狗、猫、鸟等宠物;避免接触花粉、植物等。

再次,根据具体情况,适时使用药物治疗。对于用药,孕妇往往有所顾忌,殊不知,哮喘发作本身对胎儿的危害可能比药物对胎儿的危害更大。目前临床上控制哮喘的药物多为吸入性制剂,全身浓度很低,对胎儿和孕妇的影响几乎可以忽略不计。

哮喘孕妇治疗时可采用的药物包括:

β2受体兴奋剂,对母婴安全,适用于孕期不同程度的哮喘病人,可按需短期使用。

糖皮质激素,如布地奈德、氟替卡松,是孕期应用最普遍且安全的吸入型激素类药物,常规用量对胎儿无不良影响。

茶碱类药物对夜间发作的哮喘疗效明显,但使用时应勤查血或尿中的茶碱浓度,防止发生不良反应。目前,多主张使用控释型或缓释型茶碱制剂。

抗胆碱能药物,如吸入异丙托溴铵、噻托溴铵,孕期使用是安全的,可在哮喘病情加重时,与其他平喘药联合应用。

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    2017-05-08 杨利洪

    太有用了,学习并分享

    0

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    2017-05-05 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    很好,学习了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1941718, encodeId=2d181941e18c6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ad983619a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎儿窘迫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83619, encryptionId=5ad983619a6, topicName=胎儿窘迫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f63175, createdName=nian.wang1982, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 14:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950477, encodeId=5fd619504e71f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f72d836640a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎盘早剥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83664, encryptionId=f72d836640a, topicName=胎盘早剥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6da1120, createdName=lidong40, createdTime=Sat Sep 02 09:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195215, encodeId=c32e19521560, content=太有用了,学习并分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Mon May 08 06:39:14 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1406829, encodeId=40d71406829a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2aca8365e2c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83657, encryptionId=2aca8365e2c, topicName=胎盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTItxfbnwF4Yku2j227me6wl2EGarBoTicR3tHxrMtib5tnyyEEsgxlHkk8JAS4ZjHsEF7PxhBwh1QwQ/132, createdBy=c8162575557, createdName=liuyong2981, createdTime=Sat May 06 11:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193973, encodeId=8c881939e303, content=很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 05 06:57:03 CST 2017, time=2017-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193868, encodeId=28c519386860, content=非常好的文章,学习了,很受益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Fri May 05 00:16:30 CST 2017, time=2017-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-05 天涯183

    非常好的文章,学习了,很受益

    0