CHC 2016:关注药物相互作用 促进临床合理用药——全面的合理用药建议!

2016-08-15 MedSci MedSci原创

2016年8月11-14日,由中华医学会与国家心血管病中心共同主办的2016年中国心脏大会在北京国家会议中心隆重召开,梅斯医学作为特约媒体参与了此次盛会。  来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院药学部的赵志刚主任做了题为“关注药物相互作用——促进临床合理用药”的精彩报告,以促进临床医生的合理用药。赵志刚主任讲解的十分详细,尤其针对心内科和内分泌科的合用药物给与了很多建议。对此,梅斯医学小编进

2016年8月11-14日,由中华医学会与国家心血管病中心共同主办的2016年中国心脏大会在北京国家会议中心隆重召开,梅斯医学作为特约媒体参与了此次盛会。
 
来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院药学部的赵志刚主任做了题为“关注药物相互作用——促进临床合理用药”的精彩报告,以促进临床医生的合理用药。赵志刚主任讲解的十分详细,尤其针对心内科和内分泌科的合用药物给与了很多建议。对此,梅斯医学小编进行了整理,与大家分享。
 
赵志刚主任介绍说,评价药品的标准是安全、有效、经济、适当,而合理用药是药师和医生的共同责任。因为没有安全的药物,只有安全的医师和药师。
 
1 安全性(safety):用药安全是药物治疗的前提。经过临床前药理和毒理学评价以及上市前临床试验,只有满足基本的安全性要求的药物才得以进入临床。追求绝对安全是不可能的,也不符合科学规律。患者从药物治疗中获益的同时也必然会冒一定的风险,临床医药人员需要在二者间权衡后作出选择。理想的药物治疗应有最佳的获益/风险比(benefit/risk ratio)。不同的药物治疗,患者的获益不同。从而对安全性的要求(或者说对风险的可接受程度)也不一样。
 
面对一个具体的患者,考虑药物的安全性主要着眼于禁忌症(contraindications)、特殊人群和药物相互作用。禁忌症是由药物的作用机制和患者的病理、生理学特征所决定的。一些特殊人群(如妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肝肾功能障碍、过敏体质等)因其特定的生理学和病理学变化而成为发生用药安全性问题的高风险人群,他们常常被要求慎用或禁用某些药物。
 
2 有效性(efficacy):是选择药物的首要标准,无效的药物不值得进一步验证。为了产生疗效,药物必须达到最低有效血药浓度。理想的药物应具有很好的药代动力学特征,允许采用简单的给药方案并达到所需的治疗浓度。
 
3 经济性(economy):主要受治疗成本(cost of treatment)影响,根据有效性和安全性作出的最理想选择也可能是最昂贵的,在财力有限时不可能使用。所以治疗成本、患者的经济状况、医疗保险等是选择药物时不得不面对的现实问题。有时患者宁可采用保险可支付的药物而不要最好的一种;当给患者开出太多的药物时,他们可能只取其中一部分。在此种情况下,医药人员应只开具真正需要的、适当的和患者能负担的药物,而不要让患者自行从处方中挑选他认为“最重要”的药物。
 
另一方面,考虑药物的治疗成本时应该注重的是治疗的总支出即治疗总成本,而不是单一的药费。因此有可能较高的药费支出(与低药费相比)可以缩短住院天数、避免或减轻不良反应、早日恢复健康,使患者从住院费和不良反应治疗费中获得补偿,治疗成本反而降低。显然这种具有成本——效果(cost-effectiveness)的药物即使药费较高一些也是值得选用的。
 
4 适当性或方便性(convenience):一种药物的制剂和给药方案应该尽量方便患者,否则会降低患者对治疗的依从性。


例如缓释剂减少了给药次数,不容易发生漏服现象,患者依从性高。但是保证治疗效果应该是首要的。注射给药与口服给药相比,后者更受到患者和医务人员的欢迎,特别是慢性病。

当治疗目标或者治疗结果确定时,治疗获益相对确定,此时,医生在药物选择过程中,考虑的主要是患者面临的风险,例如药品安全性问题,尤其是药品的相互作用。原因如下:患者合用药物的概率持续增加;药品上市前相互作用的研究有限;新药的层出不穷。                
 
一、药物相互作用的现状
药物相互作用的重要历史事件:米贝地尔上市后不到1年就因严重的药物相互作用被罗氏公司撤出市场,其使美托洛尔的血药浓度升高4-5倍,导致严重的心动过缓;与β受体阻断药使用导致严重的心源性休克。
 
药物相互作用的发生率因就医方式和人群有所差别;
 
存在药物相互作用的患者,总住院时间和ICU住院时间更长。   
 
二、药物相互作用的概念和分类
 
狭义  狭义的药物相互作用:是指两种或两种以上药物同时或在一定时间内先后应用时,在机体因素(药物代谢酶,药物转运蛋白、药物结合蛋白、药物基因多态性等)的参与下,药物因彼此之间的交互作用而发生的药动学或(和)药效学变化。

广义  广义的药物相互作用:是指能合并用药发生药动学或药效学改变的所有因素)(如疾病、药物、食物、饮料等)与药物之间的交互作用,以后药物导致其他因素(如检验,化验结果等)发生变化的交互作用。
 
药物相互作用的分类:

 
  
代谢性药物的相互作用
 
药物在代谢方面的相互作用,包括吸收(absorption)、分布(distribution)、代谢(metabolism)和排泄(excretion)方面的相互影响,因此又称为ADME相互作用。例如,口服铁制剂可与环丙沙星结合而减少环丙沙星自胃肠道的吸收; 维拉帕米等P糖蛋白抑制剂可降低血屏障对长春新碱的外排作用,提高长春新碱在脑组织内的分布水平,增加化疗效果。
      
药效学相互作用包括三类:

相加 卡比多巴+左旋多巴 减少左旋多巴在外周代谢导致的副作用,并增加其在脑组织中的疗效。吗啡+阿托品 吗啡增加了阿片类药物使便秘和排泄困难的副作用。

协同  氯沙坦+氢氯噻嗪 降压药氯沙坦导致轻度的水钠潴留,利尿药氢氯噻嗪可同通过利尿进一步降低血压,同时氢氯噻嗪属于排钾利尿药,可以部分抵消氯沙坦对血钾的升高作用。

拮抗 阿托品+毛果芸香碱 阿托品可降低毛果芸香碱的作用,毛果芸香碱直接激动M受体解除阿托品的中毒症状。
 
药物——食物相互作用

50%以上的CYP3A分布于肠粘膜,易受食物的影响,其中最具代表性的是葡萄柚汁,通过抑制CYP3A4而使药物的血药浓度升高。
 
葡萄柚汁存在相互作用的常见药物有:

  
70%的代谢性药物相互作用是由于酶抑制作用所导致的。据估算,约有60%的处方药经过CYP代谢,CYP450的诱导和抑制是药物代谢相互作用的常见原因。
 
基因多态性(genetic polymorphism)亦称遗传多态性,是指基因内含子或调节序列区域碱基的改变。这一变化一般并不影响蛋白质的表型,但是对蛋白质的表达可能存在上调或下调作用。基因多态性表现在人群中差异超过1%,尤其是CYP2C9、2C19和CYP2D6,由于基因多态性而使药物代谢受影响最大。
 
P450酶的主要抑制剂和诱导剂如下表: 

  
三、 内分泌科常用药物的相互作用

1、治疗糖尿病药物的相互作用

糖尿病和心血管疾病是常见的并存疾病,成年糖尿病患者中,77%-87%的患者合并高血压,74%-81%的患者合并血脂异常。调查显示,我国门诊高血压患者中,糖尿病的患病率为24.3%。糖尿病并存疾病率高,合并用药比例高 77.7%的T2DM合并至少一种合并症。
 
(1) 二甲双胍主要经OCT(有机离子转运体)转运,通过肾脏排泄,与经P450酶代谢的药物无相互作用。暂无明确证据表明,造影剂直接造成二甲双胍乳酸酸中毒。
碘造影剂应用过程中一个重要的并发症就是造影剂肾病,而二甲双胍是通过肾脏排泄的,造影剂肾病可能是导致二甲双胍排泄障碍,既而引起乳酸酸中毒。
 
(2)P450酶诱导剂利福平可降低多种降糖药物的血药浓度。 


 
P450酶抑制剂对降糖药物血药浓度的影响如下图


  
(3)磺脲类药物与CYP2C9抑制剂等药物联用会增加低血糖风险 


  
(4)常见降糖药物使用建议


  
2 常见降脂药使用建议

  
3 常见降压药使用建议 


 
4 抗尿酸药物的相互作用

  
5 减重药物的相互作用

  
6 内分泌科其它常见药物的使用建议

   

7.甲状腺药物与其他药物的相互作用

(1)服药时间对左甲状腺素的疗效有明显影响                                
(2)共服食物对左甲状腺素疗效的影响
左甲状腺素+大豆蛋白:合用大豆蛋白可能影响左甲状腺素的吸收,临床应避免合用
左甲状腺素+咖啡:    咖啡可降低左甲状腺素的生物利用度,临床应避免合用
左甲状腺素+葡萄柚汁:葡萄柚汁轻度影响左甲状腺素的吸收,但相互作用无临床意义,临床可以合用
 
(3)铁剂、钙等药物降低左旋甲状腺素的疗效


 
(4)抗甲状腺药物的相互作用

 
另外,赵志刚主任还介绍说,处方教育可明显提高处方质量、减少药物相互作用

1. Aronson曾做过调查,对医师的处方教育能明显提高处方质量,减少药物相互作用。
2. Ehsan Nabovati等认为,对医生加强处方教育和进行处方审计反馈,可降低处方中药物相互作用的发生。
3. 日本的一个实例也证实:医药院学生实习时参加一个呋塞米和丙磺舒相互作用的试验,日后工作对药物相互作用的识别能力更强、更准确。
 
总结
       
1.药物相互作用发生率因科室和人群差异而不同,会导致患者ICU和总住院时间延长,带来沉重的疾病和经济负担。

2.P450酶抑制剂或诱导剂是发生药物相互作用的主要因素,多数处方药P450酶代谢,药物合用时应注意。
       
3.内分泌科患者常使用多种药物,药物相互作用发生风险高,临床上与其他类药物使用时应充分考虑药物间相互作用,避免不良药物事件的发生。


赵志刚主任简介:



赵志刚,1990年毕业于北京大学医学部,2007年从首都医科大学获得硕士学位,现任北京天坛医院药剂科主任、首都医科大学临床药学硕士生导师、首都医科大学化学生物与药学院临床药学系主任。   

现兼任中国健康促进基金会医药知识管理专项基金专家委员会主任委员、中国药学会医院药学专业委员会副主任委员、中国药理学学会治疗药物监测研究专业委员会副主任委员、紫禁城国际药师论坛执行主席、北京抗癌协会抗癌药物专业委员会副主任委员、中国非处方药物协会自我药疗教育专业委员会副主任委员、北京医院协会药事管理专业委员会副主任委员、北京脑血管疾病防治协会常务理事、北京药学会副秘书长、北京药师协会常务理事、国家基本医疗保险药品目录评审委员会咨询专家。同时担任《药品评价》 (医院药学版)   主编 、《中国医院药学杂志》常务编委、《中国临床药理学杂志》 《中国医药导刊》、《中国医院用药评价与分析》、《中国药学杂志》、《中国药房》、《中国新药杂志》、《药物不良反应》、《中国药事》、《中国卒中杂志》、《中国执业药师》等编委。  1990年至今发表各类学术文章300余篇,其中第一作者或通讯150余篇;主编和参加学术著作编写80多部并出版,其中任主编20多部,主审2部,主译1部,副主编3部,编委35部。

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    2016-08-17 ylz8405
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href='/topic/show?id=61888e8231b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87823, encryptionId=61888e8231b, topicName=药物相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d4517099766, createdName=liao1625, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99303, encodeId=a9de9930377, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99302, encodeId=b1639930293, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=98865, encodeId=5bcb98865ee, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 17:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-17 mei536
  6. 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href='/topic/show?id=61888e8231b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87823, encryptionId=61888e8231b, topicName=药物相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d4517099766, createdName=liao1625, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99303, encodeId=a9de9930377, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99302, encodeId=b1639930293, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=98865, encodeId=5bcb98865ee, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 17:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1995864, encodeId=62ab199586428, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ee6b22e46a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床合理用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22746, encryptionId=ee6b22e46a9, topicName=临床合理用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=827b160, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Sun May 07 13:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1909185, encodeId=7f91190918571, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8039e2512e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72512, encryptionId=8039e2512e8, topicName=相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f73a255, 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href='/topic/show?id=61888e8231b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87823, encryptionId=61888e8231b, topicName=药物相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d4517099766, createdName=liao1625, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99303, encodeId=a9de9930377, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99302, encodeId=b1639930293, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=98865, encodeId=5bcb98865ee, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 17:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-16 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

  8. 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href='/topic/show?id=61888e8231b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物相互作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87823, encryptionId=61888e8231b, topicName=药物相互作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d4517099766, createdName=liao1625, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99303, encodeId=a9de9930377, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99302, encodeId=b1639930293, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 16 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=98865, encodeId=5bcb98865ee, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 17:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-16 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

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  9. 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    2016-08-15 Guoxj3234

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