唾液和鼻咽拭子核酸检测的比较,核酸检测捅鼻子还是用唾液?

2021-01-17 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

鉴于其易用性和良好的诊断性能,唾液NAAT是鼻咽拭子NAAT的一个有吸引力的替代选择,并可能显著提高大规模的检测工作的效率。

说起核酸检测,可能很多小伙伴都经历过鼻咽部取样的酸爽。目前,在有些医院中已经可以选择从口咽部取样唾液了。那么,唾液核酸扩增检测(NAAT)与目前标准无创鼻咽部NAAT有可比性吗?

我们知道,鼻咽检查需要训练有素的人员和专门设计的拭子,而且这项技术不可能在所有人群(如儿童和被隔离的个人)中轻易或可靠地进行。可以自我进行的检测将大大增加社区病例的筛查在目前可用的检测方法中,唾液检测可能是最实用的选择,因为它避免了鼻咽取样的不便、不适和所需的技术专业知识,并有可能在社区广泛应用。

迄今为止,关于唾液NAAT诊断性能的研究结果是相互矛盾的。此外,其他研究依赖于鼻咽拭子的敏感性和特异性是完美的假设,但事实并非如此。为了总结唾液NAAT检测的证据,研究者以鼻咽NAAT为比较系统回顾了唾液NAAT检测SARS-CoV-2 和COVID-19诊断的操作特点。研究结果近日发表在JAMA Intern Med杂志上。

在本系统综述中,检索了2020年8月29日MEDLINE和medRxiv数据库,以寻找诊断测试准确性的研究。与不完善的鼻咽拭子NAAT作为参考试验相比,研究需要提供足够的数据来测量唾液NAAT的敏感性和特异性。如果样本中参与者少于20人,或者既不是随机的也不是连续的,则研究被排除在外。主要结果是合并敏感性和特异性。进行了两项二次分析:一项限于同行评议研究,一项限于流动环境的事后分析。

研究最后纳入385篇参考文献,16篇独特的定量合成研究。荟萃分析包括8项同行评审研究和8份预印本(5922名患者)。患者选择、研究设计和患者入组的疾病阶段存在显著差异。15项研究包括门诊患者,9项仅从轻度或无症状的门诊人群中登记。初步分析表明,唾液NAAT联合敏感性为83.2%(95%可信区间,74.7%~91.4%),联合特异性为99.2%(95%可信区间,98.2%~99.8%)。鼻咽拭子NAAT敏感性为84.8%(95%CrI,76.8%~92.4%),特异性为98.9%(95%CrI,97.4%~99.8%)。二次分析结果相似。

门诊患者唾液样本中检测SARS-CoV-2的事后meta分析结果

值得注意的是,大多数研究并没有提供患者症状的详细信息,而且尚不清楚某些临床综合征(例如下呼吸道疾病或危重疾病)是否可以保证最佳NAAT诊断准确性的特定标本类型。这种差异可能解释了传统meta分析中获得的巨大预测区间(没有对不完美的参考测试进行调整),在将本研究结果应用于meta分析中未充分代表的人群时,需要谨慎。然而,所有潜在分类的荟萃分析显示,包括对门诊患者群体的事后分析,在合并诊断准确性方面的不确定性要小得多。因此,尽管有这些限制,我们相信唾液取样是鼻咽拭子的合理选择,特别是在社区检测中心。

测试的时机也值得仔细考虑;测试的时间可能会影响唾液和鼻咽拭子测试的诊断准确性差异,这似乎是合理的。在本综述中,唾液阳性结果和鼻咽拭子配对样本阴性结果不一致率最高的研究包括多次重复试验的患者。这一发现表明唾液NAAT结果可能比鼻咽拭子NAAT结果保持阳性的时间更长。考虑到NAAT并不一定意味着存在活病毒,还需要更多的研究来确定唾液NAAT在病毒脱落时间中的作用,以及这种方法是否高估了感染时间。

总之,在大流行期间,当检测前感染可能性升高,缺乏接触不可靠,无法排除COVID-19时,需要大型社区检测项目,以有效的公共卫生应对。虽然在某些人群和环境中,尤其是住院和危重患者,唾液NAAT诊断准确性仍存在一些问题,但在症状轻微或轻微的非卧床患者中,唾液NAAT的敏感性和特异性与鼻咽拭子NAAT相当。因此,临床微生物学实验室和公共卫生当局应优先考虑唾液NAAT的大规模应用。

参考文献:

Butler-Laporte G, Lawandi A, Schiller I, et al. Comparison of Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swab Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing for Detection of SARS-CoV-2A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisJAMA Intern Med. Published online January 15, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8876

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    2021-03-07 sodoo
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942902, encodeId=2c9c1942902fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb6f398391d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#咽拭子#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39839, encryptionId=cb6f398391d, topicName=咽拭子)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6cc1239, createdName=sodoo, createdTime=Sun Mar 07 19:52:44 CST 2021, time=2021-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=944276, encodeId=48bb9442e63d, content=学习了好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210804/27e6f4b113bf423999f739fd1a178fec/4f3f724952494d329b544c8e9ada67ed.jpg, createdBy=c9352514268, createdName=124c6cb0m97暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 21:17:18 CST 2021, time=2021-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917865, encodeId=20c391e86543, content=鼻咽检测太难受了!期待, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ddef5453803, createdName=kun, createdTime=Mon Jan 18 21:29:05 CST 2021, time=2021-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917546, encodeId=4d0691e54654, content=期待唾液检测,鼻咽检测看着有点疼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211019/df01a4bfb64246379ddfef3370d04115/e1274c8eb5e440918f56f83bcfea9031.jpg, createdBy=3a345397082, createdName=Jessica, createdTime=Sun Jan 17 20:23:39 CST 2021, time=2021-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917502, encodeId=bf1391e50291, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46ce580e865' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠肺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58078, encryptionId=46ce580e865, topicName=新冠肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Sun Jan 17 16:08:39 CST 2021, time=2021-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917487, encodeId=fb1591e48745, content=期待可以唾液检测, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220704/3e89e688a15b4b399673908d8617a0ae/ab0a0bdeba5e4dcdb873d9a9867e5714.jpg, createdBy=98a31643603, createdName=jiafeimao123, createdTime=Sun Jan 17 15:35:58 CST 2021, time=2021-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=917485, encodeId=3e7b91e48523, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Sun Jan 17 15:34:17 CST 2021, time=2021-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-02-28 124c6cb0m97暂无昵称

    学习了好的文章

    0

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    2021-01-18 kun

    鼻咽检测太难受了!期待

    0

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    2021-01-17 Jessica

    期待唾液检测,鼻咽检测看着有点疼

    0

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    2021-01-17 jiafeimao123

    期待可以唾液检测

    0

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    2021-01-17 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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